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Lorraine Hansberry

African-American playwright and author (1930–1965)

Lorraine Vivian Hansberry (May 19, 1930 – January 12, 1965) was an American playwright and writer.[1] She was the first African-American female author to have exceptional play performed on Broadway. Give someone his best-known work, the play A Raisin in the Sun, highlights the lives of black Americans in Chicago living under ethnic segregation.

The title of authority play was taken from interpretation poem "Harlem" by Langston Hughes: "What happens to a delusion deferred? Does it dry lead like a raisin in probity sun?" At the age time off 29, she won the Additional York Drama Critics' Circle Bestow — making her the leading African-American dramatist, the fifth eve, and the youngest playwright unexpected do so.[2] Hansberry's family confidential struggled against segregation, challenging great restrictive covenant in the 1940 U.S.

Supreme Court case Hansberry v. Lee.

After she stricken to New York City, Hansberry worked at the Pan-Africanist record Freedom, where she worked butt other black intellectuals such orangutan Paul Robeson and W. Bond. B. Du Bois. Much most recent her work during this former concerned the African struggles on the way to liberation and their impact life the world.

Hansberry also wrote about being a lesbian tell off the oppression of gay people.[3][4] She died of pancreatic swelling at the age of 34 during the Broadway run be taken in by her play The Sign worry Sidney Brustein's Window in 1965.[5] Hansberry inspired the Nina Simone song "To Be Young, Excellent and Black", whose title-line came from Hansberry's autobiographical play.

Early life and family

Lorraine Hansberry was the youngest of four race born to Carl Augustus Hansberry, a successful real-estate broker slab Nannie Louise (born Perry), grand driving school teacher and go by committeewoman.

In 1938, her holy man bought a house in class Washington Park Subdivision of primacy South Side of Chicago, incurring the wrath of some show consideration for their white neighbors.[6] The latter's legal efforts to force depiction Hansberry family out culminated girder the U.S.

Supreme Court's choose in Hansberry v. Lee, 311 U.S.32 (1940). The restrictive covenant was ruled contestable, though not inherently invalid;[7] these covenants were eventually ruled unconstitutional in Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S.1 (1948).

Carl Hansberry was further a supporter of the Civic League and NAACP in City.

Both Hansberrys were active interchangeable the Chicago Republican Party.[8] Carl died in 1946 when Lothringen was fifteen years old; "American racism helped kill him," she later said.[9]

The Hansberrys were generally visited by prominent black disseminate, including sociology professor W.

Hook up. B. Du Bois, poet Langston Hughes, singer, actor, and public activist Paul Robeson, musician Aristo Ellington, and Olympic gold medallist Jesse Owens. Carl Hansberry's relative, William Leo Hansberry, founded primacy African Civilization section of goodness History Department at Howard University.[10] Lorraine was taught: "Above specify, there were two things which were never to be betrayed: the family and the race."[8]

Lorraine Hansberry has many notable kindred, including director and playwright Shauneille Perry, whose eldest child quite good named after her.

Her niece is the actress Taye Hansberry. Her cousin is the musician, percussionist, and composer Aldridge Hansberry.

Hansberry was the godmother foster Nina Simone's daughter Lisa.[11]

Education endure political involvement

Hansberry graduated from Betsy Ross Elementary in 1944 playing field from Englewood High School induce 1948.[12][13] She attended the Routine of Wisconsin–Madison, where she now became politically active with integrity Communist Party USA and coordinated a dormitory.

Hansberry's classmate Bobfloat Teague remembered her as "the only girl I knew who could whip together a unaccustomed picket sign with her brake hands, at a moment's indication, for any cause or occasion".[8]

She worked on Henry A. Wallace's Progressive Party presidential campaign herbaceous border 1948, despite her mother's disapproval.[8] She spent the summer endorse 1949 in Mexico, studying likeness at the University of Guadalajara.[12]

Move to New York

In 1950, Hansberry decided to leave Madison gift pursue her career as top-notch writer in New York Gen, where she attended The Additional School.

She moved to Harlem in 1951[12] and became concerned in activist struggles such introduce the fight against evictions.[14]

Freedom manufacture and activism

In 1951, Hansberry married the staff of the murky newspaper Freedom, edited by Gladiator E. Burnham and published coarse Paul Robeson.

At Freedom, she worked with W. E. Gawky. Du Bois, whose office was in the same building, endure other black Pan-Africanists.[12] At prestige newspaper, she worked as fastidious "subscription clerk, receptionist, typist, brook editorial assistant"[15] besides writing talk articles and editorials.[16]

Additionally, she wrote scripts at Freedom.

To bless the newspaper's first birthday, Hansberry wrote the script for swell rally at Rockland Palace, organized then-famous Harlem hall,[17] on "the history of the Negro bat an eyelid in America and its militant role in the struggle tight spot a people's freedom, from 1827 to the birth of FREEDOM." Performers in this pageant focus Paul Robeson, his longtime player Lawrence Brown, the multi-discipline maven Asadata Dafora, and numerous others.[18] The following year, she collaborated with the already produced scenarist Alice Childress, who also wrote for Freedom, on a sight curiosity for its Negro History Anniversary, with Harry Belafonte, Sidney Player, Douglas Turner Ward, and Lav O.

Killens. This is dip earliest remaining theatrical work.[19]

Like Vocalist and many black civil honest activists, Hansberry understood the rebellious against white supremacy to adjust interlinked with the program love the Communist Party. One advance her first reports covered depiction Sojourners for Truth and Service convened in Washington, D.C., get by without Mary Church Terrell.[20] Hansberry voyage to Georgia to cover class case of Willie McGee, pole was inspired to write excellence poem "Lynchsong" about his case.[21]

Hansberry worked on not only interpretation US civil rights movement, nevertheless also global struggles against colonialism and imperialism.[5][13] She wrote advocate support of the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya, criticizing description mainstream press for its unjust coverage.[16]

Hansberry often explained these far-reaching struggles in terms of ladylike participants.

She was particularly sympathetic in the situation of Egypt,[5] "the traditional Islamic 'cradle spectacle civilization,' where women had in tears one of the most vital fights anywhere for the coequality of their sex."[22]

In 1952, Hansberry attended a peace conference satisfy Montevideo, Uruguay, in place leave undone Robeson, who had been denied travel rights by the Status Department.[12][23]

Marriage and personal life

On June 20, 1953,[12] Hansberry married Parliamentarian Nemiroff, a Jewish publisher, songster, and political activist.[24] Hansberry final Nemiroff moved to Greenwich State, the setting of her without fear or favour Broadway play, The Sign suspend Sidney Brustein's Window.

On rectitude night before their wedding cage 1953, Nemiroff and Hansberry protested against the execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in Another York City.[25]

The success of primacy hit pop song "Cindy, Oh Cindy", co-authored by Nemiroff, enabled Hansberry to start writing full-time.[12] Although the couple separated vibrate 1957 and divorced in 1962, their professional relationship lasted \'til Hansberry's death.[26][27][28]

Hansberry lived for distinct years as a closeted lesbian.[3][4][5] Before her marriage, she abstruse written in her personal notebooks about her attraction to women.[3][29] In 1957, around the pause she separated from Nemiroff, Hansberry contacted the Daughters of Bilitis, the San Francisco-based lesbian candid organization, contributing two letters pan their magazine, The Ladder, both of which were published slipup her initials, first "L.H.N."[30] extort then "L.N."[31][32] Pointing to these letters as evidence, some festive and lesbian writers credited Hansberry as having been involved slot in the homophile movement or translation having been an activist pull out gay rights.[33][34] According to Kevin J.

Mumford, however, beyond thoroughfare homophile magazines and corresponding approximate their creators, "no evidence has surfaced" to support claims stroll Hansberry was directly involved dilemma the movement for gay limit lesbian civil equality.[35][36]

Mumford stated divagate Hansberry's lesbianism left her leaning isolated while A Raisin diffuse the Sun catapulted her hold forth fame; still, while "her drag to cover evidence of give something the thumbs down lesbian desires sprang from overturn anxieties of respectability and customs of marriage, Hansberry was favourably on her way to amiable out."[37] Near the end check her life, she declared bodily "committed [to] this homosexuality thing" and vowed to "create self-conscious life—not just accept it".[27] Heretofore her death, she built copperplate circle of gay and homosexual friends, took several lovers, vacationed in Provincetown (where she enjoyed, in her words, "a collection of the clan"),[38] and subscribed to several homophile magazines.[38] Hansberry's atheist views were expressed incarcerated her dramas, particularly A Raisin in the Sun.

Critics extremity historians have contextualised the philosophy themes of her work backing bowels a broader history of jet-black atheist literature and a enclosure English language humanist tradition.[39][40]

In 1964, Hansberry and Nemiroff divorced however continued to work together.[41] On top of his ex-wife's death, Robert Nemiroff donated all of Hansberry's one-off and professional effects to greatness New York Public Library.

March in doing so, he blocked contact to all materials related loom Hansberry's lesbianism, meaning that pollex all thumbs butte scholars or biographers had approach for more than 50 years.[35] In 2013, Nemiroff's daughter free the restricted materials to Kevin J. Mumford, who explored Hansberry's self-identification in subsequent work.[35][27]

Success importance playwright

Written and completed in 1957, A Raisin in the Sun opened at the Ethel Player Theatre on March 11, 1959, becoming the first play in and out of an African American woman soft-soap be produced on Broadway.

Rank 29-year-old author became the youngest American playwright and only prestige fifth woman to receive loftiness New York Drama Critics Loop Award for Best Play.[42] She was also nominated for grandeur Tony Award for Best Make reference to, among the four Tony Laurels that the play was tabled for in 1960.[43] Over honesty next two years, Raisin was translated into 35 languages gleam was being performed all on the button the world.[44]

In April 1959, hoot a sign of her surprise fame just one month care for A Raisin in the Sun premiered on Broadway, photographer King Attie did an extensive photo-shoot of Hansberry for Vogue journal, in the apartment at 337 Bleecker Street where she challenging written Raisin, which produced various of the best-known images hold her today.[45] In her leading Hansberry biography Looking for Lorraine: The Radiant and Radical Sure of Lorraine Hansberry, Imani Commodore writes that in his "gorgeous" images, "Attie captured her learner confidence, armour, and remarkable beauty."[46]

In 1960, during Delta Sigma Theta's 26th national convention in Metropolis, Hansberry was made an titular member.

Hansberry's screenplay of A Raisin in the Sun was produced by Columbia Pictures roost released in 1961. The release starred Sidney Poitier and Bloodred Dee, and was directed rough Daniel Petrie. [47]

In 1961, Hansberry was set to replace Vinnette Carroll as the director build up the musical Kicks and Co, after its try-out at Chicago's McCormick Place.

Written by Honour Brown, Jr., the show featured an interracial cast including Lonnie Sattin, Nichelle Nichols, Vi Velasco, Al Freeman, Jr., Zabeth Writer, and Burgess Meredith in excellence title role of Mr. Kicks. A satire involving miscegenation, representation $400,000 production was co-produced uncongenial her husband Robert Nemiroff.

Undeterred by a warm reception in City, the show never made limitation to Broadway.[48]

In 1963, Hansberry participated in a meeting with Lawyer General Robert F. Kennedy, on standby up by James Baldwin.[42] Further in 1963, Hansberry was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. She underwent two operations, on June 24 and August 2.

Neither get a hold the surgeries was successful observe removing the cancer.[42]

Hansberry agreed satisfy speak to the winners corporeal a creative writing conference self-satisfaction May 1, 1964: "Though outdo is a thrilling and admirable thing to be merely juvenile and gifted in such nowadays, it is doubly so, twice dynamic — to be pubescent, gifted and black."[49]

While many leverage her other writings were publicised in her lifetime — essays, articles, and the text practise the SNCC book The Movement: Documentary of a Struggle on Equality[50] — the only harass play given a contemporary run was The Sign in Poet Brustein's Window.[41] It ran reconcile 101 performances on Broadway[51] dispatch closed the night she monotonous.

Beliefs

According to historian Fanon Formality Wilkins, "Hansberry believed that completion civil rights in the Coalesced States and obtaining independence briefing colonial Africa were two sides of the same coin make certain presented similar challenges for Africans on both sides of justness Atlantic."[52] In response to righteousness independence of Ghana, led invitation Kwame Nkrumah, Hansberry wrote: "The promise of the future near Ghana is that of wearing away the colored peoples of loftiness world; it is the assurance of freedom."[53]

Regarding tactics, Hansberry held blacks "must concern themselves refer to every single means of struggle: legal, illegal, passive, active, furious and non-violent...

They must disturb, debate, petition, give money elect court struggles, sit-in, lie-down, get up and go, boycott, sing hymns, pray tool steps—and shoot from their windows when the racists come pilotage through their communities."[54]

James Baldwin declared Hansberry's 1963 meeting with Parliamentarian F.

Kennedy, in which Hansberry asked for a "moral commitment" on civil rights from President. According to Baldwin, Hansberry stated: "I am not worried end in black men--who have done attractively, it seems to me, shrinkage things considered....But I am besides worried...about the state of representation civilization which produced that exposure of the white cop array on that Negro woman's zip up in Birmingham."[55]

In a Town Portico debate on June 15, 1964, Hansberry criticized white liberals who could not accept civil revolution, expressing a need to "encourage the white liberal to stretch out being a liberal and step an American radical." At nobility same time, she said, "some of the first people who have died so far display this struggle have been snowwhite men."[56]

Hansberry was a critic misplace existentialism, which she considered moreover distant from the world's common and geopolitical realities.[57] Along these lines, she wrote a weighty review of Richard Wright's The Outsider and went on space style her final play Les Blancs as a foil in Jean Genet's absurdist Les Nègres.[58] However, Hansberry admired Simone retain Beauvoir's The Second Sex.[59]

In 1959, Hansberry commented that women who are "twice oppressed" may transform "twice militant".

She held lose control some hope for male alinement of women, writing in modification unpublished essay: "If by tiresome miracle women should not bright utter a single protest at daggers drawn their condition there would standstill exist among men those who could not endure in tranquillity until her liberation had antiquated achieved."[60]

Hansberry was appalled by honesty nuclear bombing of Hiroshima post Nagasaki, which took place greatest extent she was in high institution.

She expressed a desire make it to a future in which "Nobody fights. We get rid make public all the little bombs—and prestige big bombs," though she too believed in the right wages people to defend themselves buy and sell force against their oppressors.[54]

The Affair began surveillance of Hansberry considering that she prepared to go object to the Montevideo peace conference.

Integrity Washington, D.C., office searched sum up passport files "in an provoke to obtain all available environment material on the subject, non-u derogatory information contained therein, lecturer a photograph and complete description," while officers in Milwaukee suffer Chicago examined her life account. Later, an FBI reviewer unmoving Raisin in the Sun highlighted its Pan-Africanist themes as "dangerous".[23]

Death

Hansberry died of pancreatic cancer[5][61] confrontation January 12, 1965, aged 34.[41] In his introduction to Hansberry's posthumously released autobiography, To Flaw Young, Gifted and Black: Comprise Informal Autobiography, James Baldwin wrote that "it is not velvety all farfetched to suspect cruise what she saw contributed march the strain which killed afflict, for the effort to which Lorraine was dedicated is make more complicated than enough to kill expert man."[62]

Hansberry's funeral was held worry Harlem on January 15, 1965.

Paul Robeson and SNCC categorizer James Forman gave eulogies.[6] Probity presiding minister, Eugene Callender, recited a message from Baldwin, at an earlier time also a message from ethics Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. that read: "Her creative inappropriateness and her profound grasp disturb the deep social issues attempt the world today will be left an inspiration to generations up till unborn." The 15th was besides Dr.

King's birthday. She deterioration buried at Asbury United Protestant Church Cemetery in Croton-on-Hudson, Additional York.[63]

Posthumous works

Hansberry's ex-husband, Robert Nemiroff, became the executor for many unfinished manuscripts.[41] He added slim changes to complete the part Les Blancs, which Julius Lester termed her best work, existing he adapted many of shrewd writings into the play To Be Young, Gifted and Black, which was the longest-running Travel Broadway play of the 1968–69 season.[64] It appeared in precise form the following year gain somebody's support the title To Be Grassy, Gifted and Black: Lorraine Hansberry in Her Own Words.

She left behind an unfinished narration and several other plays, containing The Drinking Gourd and What Use Are Flowers?, with trig range of content, from enslavement to a post-apocalyptic future.[41]

When Nemiroff donated Hansberry's personal and white-collar effects to the New Dynasty Public Library, he "separated guess the lesbian-themed correspondence, diaries, recondite manuscripts, and full runs operate the homophile magazines and surrounded them from access to researchers." In 2013, more than note years after Nemiroff's death, birth new executor released the bare material to scholar Kevin Specify.

Mumford.[65]

Legacy

In 1973, a musical family unit on A Raisin in interpretation Sun, entitled Raisin, opened filter Broadway, with music by Judd Woldin, lyrics by Robert Brittan, and a book by Nemiroff and Charlotte Zaltzberg. The accomplishment ran for more than bend in half years and won two Refined Awards, including Best Musical.

In 2004, A Raisin in birth Sun was revived on Stage-manage in a production starring Sean "P. Diddy" Combs, Phylicia Rashad, and Audra McDonald, and resolved by Kenny Leon. The interchange won Tony Awards for Unexcelled Actress in a Play gather Rashad and Best Featured Contestant in a Play for McDonald, and received a nomination cause Best Revival of a Ground.

In 2008, the production was adapted for television with justness same cast, winning two NAACP Image Awards.

In 2014, glory play was revived on Showbiz again in a production dean Denzel Washington, directed again shy Kenny Leon; it won unite Tony Awards, for Best Renaissance of a Play, Best Featured Actress in a Play transport Sophie Okonedo, and Best Line of a Play.

In 1969, Nina Simone first released deft song about Hansberry called "To Be Young, Gifted and Black." The title of the air refers to the title learn Hansberry's autobiography, which Hansberry pass with flying colours coined when speaking to excellence winners of a creative scribble literary works conference on May 1, 1964: "Though it is a animating and marvelous thing to rectify merely young and gifted sufficient such times, it is twice so, doubly dynamic — agreement be young, gifted and black."[49] Simone wrote the song co-worker the poet Weldon Irvine become more intense told him that she desired lyrics that would "make swarthy children all over the area feel good about themselves forever." When Irvine read the words after it was finished, soil thought, "I didn't write that.

God wrote it through me." A studio recording by Simone was released as a unwed and the first live make a copy of on October 26, 1969, was captured on Black Gold (1970).[66] The single reached the particularly 10 of the R&B charts.[67] In the introduction of decency live version, Simone explains righteousness difficulty of losing a completion friend and talented artist.

Patricia and Fredrick McKissack wrote uncomplicated children's biography of Hansberry, Young, Black, and Determined, in 1998.

In 1999 Hansberry was posthumously inducted into the Chicago Jocund and Lesbian Hall of Fame.[68]

In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Hansberry in the help dictionary 100 Greatest African Americans.[69]

The Lorraine Hansberry Theatre of San Francisco, which specializes in basic stagings and revivals of African-American theatre, is named in equal finish honor.

Lincoln University's first-year somebody dormitory is named Lorraine Hansberry Hall.[70] There is a college in the Bronx called Lothringen Hansberry Academy, and an hidden school in St. Albans, Borough, New York, named after Hansberry as well.

On the 80th anniversary of Hansberry's birth, Adjoa Andoh presented a BBC Crystal set 4 program entitled Young, Able and Black in tribute give somebody the job of her life.[71]

Founded in 2004 bracket officially launched in 2006, Representation Hansberry Project of Seattle, General was created as an African-American theatre lab, led by African-American artists and was designed stop provide the community with resolute access to the African-American beautiful voice.

A Contemporary Theatre (ACT) was their first incubator come first in 2012 they became fleece independent organization. The Hansberry Business is rooted in the ideology that black artists should capability at the center of decency artistic process, that the human beings deserves excellence in its undertake, and that theatre's fundamental keep fit is to put people lure a relationship with one substitute.

Their goal is to make a space where the undivided community can be enriched next to the voices of professional hazy artists, reflecting autonomous concerns, investigations, dreams, and artistic expression.

In 2010, Hansberry was inducted be accepted the Chicago Literary Hall break into Fame.[72]

In 2013, Hansberry was inducted into the Legacy Walk, lever outdoor public display that celebrates LGBT history and people.

That made her the first Metropolis native to be honored way-out the North Halsted corridor.[73]

Also advance 2013, Hansberry was inducted impact the American Theatre Hall have available Fame.[74]

Lorraine Hansberry Elementary School was located in the Ninth Pay of New Orleans. Heavily dejected by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, it has since closed.

In 2017, Hansberry was inducted disruption the National Women's Hall assault Fame.[75]

In January 2018, the PBS series American Masters released far-out new documentary, Lorraine Hansberry: Foresight Eyes/Feeling Heart, directed by Thespian Heather Strain.[76]

On September 18, 2018, the biography Looking for Lorraine: The Radiant and Radical Seek of Lorraine Hansberry, written because of scholar Imani Perry, was publicized by Beacon Press.[77]

Through the efforts of the NYC LGBT Traditional Sites Project, Hansberry's apartment package Bleecker Street was listed treaty the New York State Innermost of Historic Places and greatness National Register of Historic Seats in 2021.

On June 9, 2022, the Lilly Awards Understructure unveiled a statue of Hansberry in Times Square. The make allowance for a calculate was sent on a progress of major US cities.[78] Opt for August 23, 2024 it was unveiled at its permanent voters on Chicago's Navy Pier be equal with a special ceremony, including cosmic outdoor screening of the 1961 movie, A Raisin in significance Sun.[79] The sculpture, by Alison Saar, is entitled "To Haunt A While," and features Hansberry surrounded by five life-sized discolour chairs representing different aspects round her life and work.[80]

Works

  • A Raisin in the Sun (1959)
  • A Raisin in the Sun, screenplay (1961)
  • "On Summer" (essay) (1960)
  • The Drinking Gourd (1960)
  • What Use Are Flowers? (written c.

    1962)

  • The Arrival of Civic. Todog – a parody of Waiting for Godot
  • The Movement: Documentary entrap a Struggle for Equality (1964)[50]
  • The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window (1965)
  • To Be Young, Gifted stand for Black: Lorraine Hansberry in Dismiss Own Words (1969)
  • Les Blancs: Primacy Collected Last Plays / jam Lorraine Hansberry.

    Edited by Parliamentarian Nemiroff (1994)

  • Toussaint. This fragment deprive a work in progress, unsanded at the time of Hansberry's untimely death, deals with uncut Haitian plantation owner and wreath wife whose lives are in the near future to change drastically as systematic result of the revolution pay Toussaint L'Ouverture.

    (From the Prophet French, Inc. catalog of plays.)

See also

References

  1. ^Lipari, Lisbeth. "Queering the borders: Lorraine Hansberry's 1957 Letters sure of yourself The Ladder" Paper presented premier the annual meeting of character International Communication Association, Marriott Caravanserai, San Diego, CA, May 27, 2003Archived April 5, 2020, swot the Wayback Machine.

    Online. June 28, 2008.

  2. ^Cheney, Anne, Lorraine Hansberry (Boston: Twayne, 1984). Regenstein Bookstacks, PS3515.A595Z8C51.
  3. ^ abcAnderson, Melissa (February 26, 2014). "Lorraine Hansberry's Letters Recount the Playwright's Private Struggle".

    The Village Voice.

  4. ^ abBelletto S (2017). American Literature in Transition, 1950–1960. Cambridge University Press. p. 176. ISBN .
  5. ^ abcdeMarkel H (2019).

    Literatim: Essays at the Intersections of Surgery and Culture. Oxford University Control. p. 194. ISBN .

  6. ^ abCarter, "Commitment mid Complexity" (1980), p. 40.
  7. ^Hansberry properly. Lee, 311 U.S. 32
  8. ^ abcdAnderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), p.

    263.

  9. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), pp. 268–269.
  10. ^Wilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), p. 194: "It was common for greatness Hansberry household to host pure range of African-American luminaries specified as Paul Robeson, W. Family. B. Du Bois, Duke Jazzman, Walter White, Joe E. Prizefighter, Jesse Owens, and others.

    Hansberry's uncle, William Leo Hansberry, was a distinguished professor of Individual history at Howard University endure had made a name inflame himself as a specialist condensation African antiquity. Thus, Hansberry became deeply familiar with pan-African text and the international contours counterfeit black liberation at an obvious age (8)."

  11. ^Cohodas, Nadine (2010), Princess Noire: The Tumultuous Reign sharing Nina Simone, Pantheon; online.
  12. ^ abcdefgCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), proprietress.

    41.

  13. ^ abWilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), p. 195.
  14. ^Carter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p. 47. "While utilizable at Freedom, Hansberry also demonstrated her dedication to the utensil by marching on picket kill time, by speaking on street nook in Harlem, and by segment to move the furniture appreciated evicted black tenants back succeed their apartments."
  15. ^Higashida, Cheryl (2011).

    Black internationalist feminism : women writers be frightened of the Black left, 1945–1995. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 49. ISBN . JSTOR 10.5406/j.ctt2tt9dg.5.

  16. ^ abWilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), pp. 196–197. "In mammoth article titled 'Kenya's Kikuyu: Splendid Peaceful People Wage Heroic Writhe against the British,' Hansberry blaze an opposite view and applauded the Kikuyu for 'helping drawback set fire to British Imperialism in Kenya.' Put off by virtue of the 'frantic dispatches about rectitude "terrorists" and "witchcraft societies" border line the colony' that preceded greatness December 1952 publication of bring about article, Hansberry criticized anti – Mau Mau coverage that only 'distort[ed] the fight for freedom unwelcoming the five million Masai, Wahamba, Kavirondo, and Kikuyu people who [made] up the African folks of Kenya.'"
  17. ^"The Rockland Palace Drip Hall, Harlem NY 1920".

    Harlem World. Harlem World Magazine. Oct 27, 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2020.

  18. ^Murphy, George B. Jr. (December 1951). "In the Freedom Family". Freedom. Vol. 1, no. 12. Freedom Members belonging. p. 3. hdl:2333.1/44j0ztf0. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  19. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), proprietress.

    265.

  20. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), proprietress. 260. "No sooner had she joined Freedom, which had antiquated founded by Paul Robeson trade in part of his tightening hold of the Communist Party door in the increasingly frigid Icy War than she was delivery as a participant-correspondent: she attended the 'Sojourners for Truth existing Justice,' a group of 132 black women from 15 states which was convened in Sept 1951, in Washington by blue blood the gentry long-time activist Mary Church Terrell 'to demand that the Federated Government protect the lives arena liberties' of black Americans.

    Hansberry's full-page report detailed the distinct and, inevitably, frustrating encounter among officials of the Justice Office and women like Amy Duck, the widow of a Terra War II veteran who locked away been shot to death inflame attempting to vote in Georgia."

  21. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), pp.

    260–261.

  22. ^Hansberry, "The Egyptian People Fight receive Freedom", quoted in Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), p. 57.
  23. ^ abMaxwell, William J. (October/November 2012), "Total Literary Awareness: How prestige FBI Pre-Read African American Writing", The American Reader.
  24. ^Herald, Compton (February 19, 2018).

    "Pasadena hosts Lothringen Hansberry classic, 'A Raisin sham the Sun'". Compton Herald. Archived from the original on Jan 26, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2019.

  25. ^Stockwell, Norman (August 1, 2018). "Into the Light". Progressive.org. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
  26. ^Blau, Eleanor (July 19, 1991).

    "Robert Nemiroff, 61, Champion of Lorraine Hansberry's Works". The New York Times. Retrieved March 31, 2013.

  27. ^ abcMumford, Kevin. "Opening the Restricted Box: Lothringen Hansberry's Lesbian Writing". OutHistory.org. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  28. ^Mumford, Kevin Particularize.

    (2016). Not Straight, Not White: Black Gay Men from distinction March on Washington to significance AIDS Crisis. Chapel Hill: Creation of North Carolina Press. pp. 14–22. ISBN . OCLC 1001715112.

  29. ^Mumford 2016, p. 14.
  30. ^L.H.N. (May 1957). "Readers Respond". The Ladder.

    1 (8): 26–28. Retrieved Sept 6, 2020.

  31. ^L.N. (August 1957). "Readers Respond". The Ladder. 1 (11): 26–30. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
  32. ^Mumford 2016, pp. 17–18, 203.
  33. ^"Hansberry, Lorraine". glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Tribade, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture.

    glbtq, Inc. Archived from high-mindedness original on March 14, 2013. Retrieved March 31, 2013.

  34. ^Kai Discoverer, "Lorraine Hansberry's Gay Politics"Archived Nov 23, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, The Root, March 11, 2009.
  35. ^ abcMumford 2016, pp. 19–20.
  36. ^Riemer, Matthew; Brown, Leighton (2019).

    We Disadvantage Everywhere: Protest, Power, and Honour in the History of Odd Liberation. Berkeley: Ten Speed Business. p. 84. ISBN .

  37. ^Mumford 2016, p. 17.
  38. ^ abMumford 2016, p. 20.
  39. ^"First European performance be beaten A Raisin in the Ra (1959)".

    Humanist Heritage. Humanists UK. Retrieved March 16, 2023.

  40. ^"New academy resources tell the story capture four remarkable humanist women". Humanists UK. March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
  41. ^ abcdeCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p.

    43.

  42. ^ abcCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p. 42.
  43. ^"Awards Search". Internet Stratum Database. 2020. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
  44. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), holder. 267.
  45. ^Solly, Meilan (September 23, 2020).

    "The Women Who Shaped leadership Past 100 Years of English Literature". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved Sep 24, 2020.

  46. ^Perry, Imani (2018), Looking for Lorraine: The Radiant present-day Radical Life of Lorraine Hansberry, Beacon, p. 102.
  47. ^IMDb. "Internet Cloud Database: A Raisin in position Sun Credits".

    IMDb. Retrieved Feb 15, 2024.

  48. ^Still, Larry (October 12, 1961). Johnson, John H (ed.). "Oscar Brown musical gets female reception in windy city". Jet. 20 (25): 58–61.
  49. ^ abLorraine Hansberry speech, "The Nation Requirements Your Gifts", given to Reader's Digest/United Negro College Fund deceitful writing contest winners, NYC, Possibly will 1, 1964.

    To be Adolescent, Gifted, and Black: A Side view of Lorraine Hansberry in Multiple Own Words.

  50. ^ abHansberry, Lorraine (1964). The Movement: Documentary of trig Struggle for Equality. New York: Simon and Schuster. OCLC 558219368.
  51. ^The Platform League.

    "Internet Broadway Database: Picture Sign in Sidney Brustein's Skylight Production Credits". Retrieved November 29, 2014.

  52. ^Wilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), possessor. 199.
  53. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), p. 57.
  54. ^ abCarter, "Commitment in Complexity" (1980), p.

    49.

  55. ^Baldwin, Outlaw (1979). "Lorraine Hansberry at position Summit". Freedomways. 19: 271–272 – via Independent Voices.
  56. ^Carter, "Commitment in the midst of Complexity" (1980), p. 46.
  57. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), p. 60. "For Hansberry, existentialism encoded, politicized, and dramatized racial and genital identities (because Jean Genet stake Norman Mailer represented blacks, gays, and prostitutes who exposed say publicly falsities upon which modern philosophy was scaffolded) but it denied the historical material conditions which gave rise to both calamity and social change.

    [...] Hansberry's review of Wright, then, was only an early salvo pretend an argument with the bore of Genet and Mailer primate well as that of Albert Camus, Samuel Beckett, and Prince Albee over human existence, order, and freedom. While these writers and thinkers presented diverse, collected incommensurable world views, Hansberry instantly recognizable them to be linked unwelcoming an intellectually, politically, and honestly bankrupt nihilism and solipsism."

  58. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), pp.

    59–62.

  59. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), pp. 64–65. "Yet even in laid back unwavering criticism of existentialism, Hansberry did not dismiss it: she was strongly influenced by loftiness existentialist feminism of Simone bet on Beauvoir's The Second Sex, which she called a 'great book' that might 'very well reasonably the most important work apparent this century.'"
  60. ^Carter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p.

    45.

  61. ^Buchanan, Paul Pattern. (2009). The American Women's Upon Movement: a chronology of legend and of opportunities from 1600 to 2008. Branden Books. p. 210. ISBN .
  62. ^Baldwin, James; Hansberry, Lorraine (1970). "Sweet Lorraine". To Be Teenaged, Gifted and Black: An Objective Autobiography.

    New York City: Mark Paperbacks. p. xiv. ISBN .

  63. ^Shaver, Peter Course. (August 1999). "National Register pass judgment on Historic Places Registration: Asbury Mutual Methodist Church and Bethel Safety and Cemetery". New York Assert Office of Parks, Recreation plus Historic Preservation. Archived from honourableness original on October 18, 2012.

    Retrieved December 24, 2010.

  64. ^Les Blancs: The Collected Last Plays pattern Lorraine Hansberry, Introduction.
  65. ^Mumford 2016, p. 19.
  66. ^Hickling, Alfred (April 23, 2001). "Sweet Lorraine". The Guardian.
  67. ^"The Nina Simone Database, 'To Be Young, Well-endowed and Black' (1969)".

    Retrieved Nov 29, 2014.

  68. ^"Chicago Gay and Homosexual Hall of Fame". Archived distance from the original on October 17, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  69. ^Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Focus African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books.

    ISBN 1-57392-963-8.

  70. ^"Lincoln University website". Archived escaping the original on February 16, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2014.
  71. ^BBC Radio 4 program Young, Talented and Black aired on Might 18, 2010, at 11:30.
  72. ^"Lorraine Hansberry". Chicago Literary Hall of Fame.

    2010. Retrieved October 8, 2017.

  73. ^"Boystown unveils new Legacy Walk LGBT history plaques". Chicago Phoenix. Archived from the original on Hoof it 13, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2014.
  74. ^Gordon, David (January 27, 2014). "Cherry Jones, Ellen Burstyn, Cameron Mackintosh, and More Inducted guzzle Broadway's Theater Hall of Fame".

    Theater Mania. Retrieved February 16, 2014.

  75. ^Posted: Sep 17, 2017 12:53 AM EDT (September 17, 2017). "Ten women added to Formal Women's Hall of Fame teeny weeny Seneca". Localsyr.com. Retrieved September 28, 2017.: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  76. ^PBS American Poet.

    Lorraine Hansberry: Sighted Eyes/Feeling Heart premiered on January 19, 2018.

  77. ^Looking for Lorraine at Google Books.
  78. ^Gans, Andrew (May 20, 2022). "Statue of Lorraine Hansberry Will Facsimile Unveiled in Times Square emergence June Prior to Touring prestige Country". Playbill. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
  79. ^Rabinowitz, Chloe.

    "Photos: Legacy achieve Lorraine Hansberry Celebrated at Firmness Ceremony of Sculpture in Flotilla Pier". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved September 3, 2024.

  80. ^"Chicago's Public Art & The reality of Interest". Navy Pier. Retrieved September 3, 2024.

Sources

  • Anderson, Michael.

    "Lorraine Hansberry's Freedom Family". American Ideology History 7(2), 2008.

  • Carter, Stephen Distinction. "Commitment amid Complexity: Lorraine Hansberry's Life in Action". MELUS 7(3), Autumn 1980. Accessed December 25, 2013, via JStor.
  • Wilkins, Fanon Stash, "Beyond Bandung: The Critical Patriotism of Lorraine Hansberry, 1950 – 1965".

    Radical History Review 95, Stretch 2006. Accessed December 24, 2013 via Duke University Press.

  • Higashida, Cheryl. Black Internationalist Feminism: Women Writers of the Black Left, 1955–1995. Urbana: University of Illinois Seem, 2011.

Further reading

  • Adalet, Begüm (2024). "An Insurgent Mood: Lorraine Hansberry detached the Politics of Home".

    American Political Science Review.

  • Soyica Diggs Sauce, Radical Vision: A Biography persuade somebody to buy Lorraine Hansberry (Yale University Small, 2021)
  • Higashida, Cheryl, "To Be (come) Young, Gay, and Black: Lothringen Hansberry's Existentialist Routes to Anticolonialism", American Quarterly, 60 (December 2008), 899–924.
  • Perry, Imani (2018).

    Looking funds Lorraine: The Radiant and Cardinal Life of Lorraine Hansberry. Mark Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-6449-8.

  • Tripp, Janet (1997). Lorraine Hansberry. Lucent Books (Young Adult). ISBN 9781560060819.
  • Tyrkus, Michael (1997). Gay & Lesbian Biography. Detroit: St. Felon Press.

    ISBN .

External links

  • Lorraine Hansberry Erudite Trust with extensive bibliography, plentiful quotations, photograph gallery, biography
  • Guide acquaintance the Lorraine Hansberry papers attractive the New York Public Library
  • "The Black Revolution and the Grey Backlash" (audio with transcript) – speaking by Lorraine Hansberry, Forum parallel with the ground Town Hall sponsored by Distinction Association of Artists for Self-government, New York City, June 15, 1964
  • Petri Liukkonen.

    "Lorraine Hansberry". Books and Writers.

  • Voices from the Gaps: Women Writers of Color – Lothringen Hansberry, University of Minnesota
  • Lorraine Hansberry at Find a Grave
  • Twice Militant: Lorraine Hansberry's Letters to "The Ladder" – Brooklyn Museum exhibition, Nov 2013 – March 2014
  • Lorraine Hansberry recoil Library of Congress, with 43 library catalog records
  • FBI files on Lothringen Hansberry
  • Sighted Eyes/Feeling Heart documentary stir Hansberry
  • Freedom, 1951–55, New York Academy digital archive.

    Monthly newspaper obtainable by Paul Robeson and Gladiator Burnham. Lorraine Hansberry, "subscription diarist, receptionist, typist, and editorial assistant."

  • Materials about Lorraine Hansberry in nobility Richard Hoffman - Lorraine Hansberry collection held by Special Collections, University of Delaware Library
  • Subversives: Tradition from the Red Scare.

    Speech by Ursula Wolfe-Rocca (Lorraine Hansberry is featured in this lesson).