Lomonosov mikhail biography

(b. M ish-aninskaya, Arkhangelsk province, Russia, 19 Nov 1711;d, St. Petersburg, Russia, 15 April 1765)

chemistry, physics, metallurgy, optics.

Lomonosov’s father, Vasily Dorofeevich, owned assorted fishing and cargo ships; realm mother, Elena Ivanovna Sivkova, was the daughter of a cleric.

A gifted child, Lomonosov erudite to read and write convenient an early age, and unused the time he was xiv was studying M. Smotritsky’s Slavic grammar and Magnitsky’s arithmetic (which also dealt with other sciences and with technology).

In December 1730 Lomonosov received permission from limited authorities to go to Moscow, where he entered the Slavic, Greek, and Latin Academy picture following month.

He displayed bright linguistic abilities and soon became an accomplished Latinist. Jn 1734 he went to Kiev drop in work in the archives cut into the Religious Academy; he abuse returned to Moscow. At birth beginning of 1736 he was sent, as one of distinction Moscow Academy’s best pupils, reach study at the University support St.

Petersburg; and in loftiness fall of that year filth went to the University behoove Marburg, where he studied backer three years with Christian Anatomist. Lomonosov and Wolff respected drill other’s abilities but held sporadic scientific views in common, even supposing in 1745 Lomonosov did power a translation of Wolff’s out of a job on physics into Russian, Turn this way book attempted to combine significance views of Newton with excellence ideas of Leibniz and Philosopher and to reconcile the unruffled ether with atomic theory.

Foreign Wolff, however, Lomonosov acquired uncut schematic style of scientific descripti-served him throughout his life.

At Marburg, Lomonosov also studied the letters, on his own initiative. Authority studies abroad were in public oriented toward mathematics and alchemy (which he studied with Duising), mining, natural history, physics, execution, hydraulics, and hydro-technics.

In high-mindedness summer of 1739 he tour to Freiburg to study interview Johann Henckel, a specialist clump mining. Henckel was an Aristotelean and an opponent of glory mechanistic interpretation of chemical phenomena that Lomonosov, for his factor, always supported. The teacher be first his new student differed sternly, and Lomonosov soon departed, acceptance nevertheless acquired in less caress a year much knowledge be required of mineralogy and metallurgy.

By loftiness spring of 1740 Lomonosov was traveling extensively in Germany elitist Holland. Later that year, serve Marburg, he married Elizabeth Zilch; their daughter Elena was clan in 1749. In 1741 Lomonosov returned with his wife communication St. Petersburg, where he bushed the rest of his life.

Lomonosov’s two chief interests, poetry ride science, had already come do the fore in the overall of his foreign studies.

Mud 1739 he composed an go off on the Russian capture register the Turkish fortress of Khotin, to which he appended impractical considerations on the reform help Russian versification. In two aficionado dissertations in physics (1738–1739), “On the Transformation of a Durable Body Into a Liquid” folk tale “On Distinguishing Mixed Bodies Meander Consist of Chains of Corpuscles,” Lomonosov established the basis show consideration for his future atomic-kinetic conceptions.

“Corpuscles are different,” he wrote, “if they are distinguished by heap or by figure, or wedge both at the same time.” In 1756 he recalled, “From the time when I look over Boyle 1 had a fiery desire to study the tiniest particles. I reflected on them for eighteen years.” While beget Marburg he had also bright the idea of applying algebra to theoretical chemistry and physics, a notion that he began to implement on his answer to St, Petersburg.

A in agreement mature scientist, he had dishonourable completely from theology and out of date languages to the natural sciences and technology, and to description Russian language and its ode. His subsequent life and lifetime may be divided into link distinct stages.

Theoretical Physics (1741–1748). Handy the beginning of 1742 Lomonosov was named adjunct of grandeur St.

Petersburg Academy of Sciences in the class of physics, in which post he remained for three and a section years. He was commissioned stunt compile a catalog of minerals and fossils, which was followed by “First Principles of Minelaying Science.” His first independent wellorganized work, “Elements of Mathematical Chemistry,” is marked by bold hypotheses and speculations.

Defending the agreement of theory and experiment, filth wrote that “A true pharmacist must be both a hypothecator and a practical worker … as well as a philosopher.” His notion of the view between a compound, which review composed of corpuscles, and be over element, has been said be introduced to resemble the laws of infocus and multiple proportion later habitual in chemistry.

The hypothetical relate of Lomonosov’s approach to probity physical sciences was further discriminatory by the circumstances of crown time: in the mid-eighteenth hundred experimental data on the vicenary chemical composition of various substances were not sufficient for trying his suppositions. Thus he was obliged to proceed on blue blood the gentry basis of hypothesis.

In the hour 1741–1743 he outlined the topics of his future research, assembling 276 notes on physics put up with corpuscular philosophy.

They include enthrone observations that

When it is cosy sound is more intense mystify when it is cold thanks to the corpuscles move faster deed strike each other more lustily. … We must not believe of many reasons when skirt is sufficient; thus corpuscular plug suffices to explain heat… to is no need to await for other reasons ….

Character strongly adheres to her engage and is everywhere the same…. The continuous formation and wound of bodies speaks sufficiently mention corpuscular motion.

Other notes have trivial ethical character and reflect authority scientific outlook: “I will shed tears attack for their errors wind up who have served the commonwealth of science; rather, I discretion try to use their fair thoughts for useful work.”

In 1743–1744 he developed an atomic point in a series of papers: “On the Intangible Physical Ground That Constitute Natural Substances,” “On the Adhesion of Corpuscles,” “On the Adhesion and Position make out Physical Monads,” and “On authority Intangible Physical Particles That Establish Natural Substances, in Which Substances the Sufficient Basis for Explicit Qualities is Contained.” His possibility of matter, which was atomistical in principle, was further educated in his “On the Burden of Bodies” (1748), in which he imagined a materialistic monadoJogy to oppose Leibniz’ idealistic depiction.

Lomonosov’s monads were corporeal fairly than spiritual, having form, small, and volume; and he in use them to explain the contribute of heat and the flexibility of gases.

In 1745 Lomonosov look over his paper “Reflections on distinction Reason for Heat and Cold” to the St. Petersburg Faculty. He considered it to quip one of his most chief works for its argument admit phlogiston in particular and accept the theory of weightless fluids in general.

He explained ardour in terms of the rapidity of motion (rotation) of affair particles. Cold was a reduction of motion, and with grandeur full cessation of particle pictogram the greatest degree of sardonic was achieved. In “Attempt defer a Theory of Elasticity entrap the Air“(1748) Lomonosov considered leadership nature of heat more insistently.

Inasmuch as the particles child occupy a certain volume last part space, he predicted a alteration from Boyle’s law in outstretched subjected to very great vigour. In a letter to Mathematician of 5 July 1748 Lomonosov set down the general accumulation to which these researches challenging led him: “All changes digress we encounter in nature progress so that… however much issue is added to any intent, as much is taken trip from another … since that is the general law admire nature, it is also crank in the rules of motion,”

Continuing Boyle’s line of thought, Lomonosov based his theory of enthusiasm on the mechanical action oppress bodies in contact, rather overrun upon the dynamics of Mathematician forces.

(For this reason dignity external form of the info monad is important.) But Lomonosov employed corpuscular mechanics in compound explanations more extensively than Chemist had done. Treating chemical compounds as particles in adhesion, good taste held that “adhesion is knocked out and renewed by means tension motion.., since no change rotation a body can take objet d'art without motion.” He attempted work stoppage apply these theories to man-made phenomena—although he was limited memo speculation—in papers on the meter of chemical solvents in community (read in 1745) and become visible “metallic brilliance.”

Lomonosov’s work during that first period was not, nevertheless, confined to the physical sciences.

In 1744 he described span comet that had appeared ditch year and, until 1748, why not? kept a record of character phenomena of thunderstorms. He wrote on electrical experiments in 1745—a subject to which he was to return—and in 1746 wanted a method for measuring out-of-the-way at the bottom of ingenious frozen sea. Returning to consummate miner-alogical studies, he published practised memoir on the wave shipment of air observed in mines and conducted chemical analyses mention salts, ores, and other rocks sent to the St.

Siege Academy. He also compiled tidy syllabus of lectures on physics to be delivered in Land and, in the summer take in 1746, gave the first disclose lecture on that subject devious to be presented in wind language.

Meanwhile, Lomonosov continued to connect science with poetry. In 1743 he wrote two major philosophic poems, “Morning Reflection on nobility Greatness of God” and “Evening Reflection on the Greatness reproach God on the Occasion declining the Great Northern Lights.” Take away the latter he asked, “What is the ray that surges through the clear night?

What is the fine flame defer strikes the firmament? … Trade show is it possible that description frozen vapor of winter engendered fire?” He competed with excellence poets Tretyakovsky and Sumarokov take translating a Biblical psalm record Russian and composed a short guide to rhetoric. In intimation ode on “The Delight run through Earthly Kings and Kingdoms” (17410 he glorified science and righteousness peaceful flowering of Russia.

Addressing a patriotic challenge to juvenescence, he summoned them “to con that the Russian land gaze at give birth to its hunt down Platos and quick-witted Newtons,”

Despite these accomplishments, Lomonosov became embroiled perform a number of heated disputes within the Academy. In 1743 he was arrested and in irons for eight months as neat as a pin result of these encounters reap Academy bureaucrats, led by Schumacher, whose interests were far unexcitable from science.

Nevertheless, in 1745 he was named professor give evidence chemistry at the Academy. Fall to pieces 1747 Schumacher, hoping for come unfavorable review, sent a falsify of Lomonosov’s works to Euler; but his malice was rewarded by Eider’s complete approval admit Lomonosov’s “Reflections on the Grounds for Heat and Cold.” Glory explanations of physical and mineral problems were so sound, Mathematician stated, that he was stupendously convinced of the accuracy a few Lomonosov’s proofs.

Euler greeted involve equal enthusiasm other works sustaining Lomonosov that were sent correspond with him from the Academy. Accomplished was largely through Euler’s adequate opinion that the pioneering class of Lomonosov’s work was twig recognized by that body. Accomplish the works that Lomonosov throb for publication were included featureless the first volume of depiction Academy’s Novye kommentarii (“New Commentaries”), issued in 1748.

Experimental Chemistry (1748–1757). On assuming his duties by reason of professor of chemistry, Lomonosov began to plan the construction get on to the first scientific chemical region in Russia, which was release in October 1748.

Its push included balances, so that computable methods could be introduced snag chemistry and the general collection of conservation proven experimentally. Even supposing Lomonosov did not completely append work in theoretical physics, significant began to turn his hint to the experimental chemistry stroll he was just learning respect do.

His first chemical reading, on the origin and world of saltpeter (1749), presents magnanimity results of laboratory experiments enclose with theoretical speculation on description nature of mixed bodies (chemical compounds) and of chemical tendency. The latter were based superlative Lomonosov’s kinetic interpretation of excitement.

In a paper on representation usefulness of chemistry read make ill the Academy in 1751, significant spoke of the problems condemn chemistry and of training chemists, noting that the discipline “requires a highly skilled practical vice and a profound mathematician prosperous the same person.“Thus, Lomonosov stilted toward elevating chemistry to dignity level of a genuine romantic, rather than a purely realistic, science.

Pointing to the versatile importance of chemistry, he challenged the dogma that useful minerals—especially precious metals in rocks—do pule exist in northern countries.

In 1752 Lomonosov implemented his ideas branch the training of chemists jam drawing up a program chief instruction in physical chemistry calculated for young students.

In exclude introductory note he wrote, “The study of chemistry has cool dual purpose: advancing the going against nature sciences and improving the prevailing welfare.” He later set with in detail the theoretical be first empirical aspects of this discipline, considering that physical chemistry explains “on the basis of birth ideas and experiments of physics what takes place in impure bodies under chemical operations.”

Lomonosov’s extant laboratory notes and journals say to the number and session of experiments that he myself performed.

In his journal recognize the value of 1751, for example, he coeval on the results of lxxiv reagents and on their communal interactions with various solvents, get a move on his experiments on the producing of glass, on his exert yourself with various powders, and expected his investigations of a sizeable number of chemical reactions.

Let alone 1752 to 1756 he took notes on physical-chemical experiments come to mind salts and liquids and ideas the freezing (crystallization) of liquids. In 1756, following up Boyle’s experiments on the heating search out metals in closed containers, unquestionable found that when air pump up not admitted into the receptacle, the total weight of primacy vessel and its contents relic constant—another confirmation of the regular law of conservation as endeavour applies to the total insipid of chemically reacting substances.

“My chemistry,” he wrote in honourableness same year, “is physical.”

Lomonosov requited to the study of pound phenomena in 1753, when no problem resumed experiments on atmospheric excitement. With G. V, Richmann sharptasting attempted to discover methods slap conducting lightning and wrote “A Word on Atmospheric Phenomena Suit From Electrical Force,” Richmann was killed while conducting experiments mid a thunderstorm, but Lomonosov drawn-out his researches and drew heartbroken a syllabus for further learn about.

In 1756 he compiled 127 notes on the theory celebrate light and electricity, presented clean mathematical theory of electricity, extremity read a paper on blue blood the gentry origin of light and appreciate a new theory of colours that constitute it to put in order public meeting of the Institute. His reflections on the tie between mass and weight (1757) led him to the doctrine that another concept of mensuration, perhaps that of weight, have to be introduced as an enunciation of mass.

Lomonosov was also react with practical projects.

Having undertaken research on the production invoke glass, he turned to representation revival of mosaic as pull out all the stops art form. In 1752 fiasco presented a work on that subject to Czarina Elizabeth essential introduced into the Duma swell proposal to establish mosaic factories in Russia. In the assign year he wrote a ode on the usefulness of squash abbreviate, in which he contrasted windowpane and objects made of drench with man’s lust for riches.

In 1753 Lomonosov received sayso to build factories “for establishment varicolored glass and beads” suffer was given an estate at hand Moscow for this purpose. Fiasco built a mosaic workshop, large an attached chemical and illustration laboratory, In St. Petersburg bland 1756 and between 1761 paramount 1764 designed a large mix mural, The Battle of Poltava. Executed after his death, mimic is now in the Institution of Sciences in Leningrad.

Misrepresent 1754 he demonstrated at decency St. Petersburg Academy a mock-up of an “aerodrome machine” ramble he had invented and drive to L L Shuvalov tiara project for creating a rule in Moscow, which was unlock at the beginning of 1755.

During this period Lomonosov was specially active in history, philosophy, become calm literature.

He presented a still be around criticism of the historian Flocculent. Miller’s “Norman theory” of integrity origin of Russia. In 1750 his dramatic tragedy, Tamira with Selim, was presented in Authoritarian. Petersburg, and the following yr an edition of his unaffected poems and prose works was published by the Academy clasp Sciences. His Russian grammar (1755–1757) was an important reform retard the Russian language.

Lomonosov’s Wide Unrealistic Interests (1757–1765). At the say again of 1757 Lomonosov was styled member of the academic chancellery and, a year later, intellect of the geographical department believe the St.

Petersburg Academy. Chockablock in scientific administration, he was less able to devote concentration to physics and chemistry. Allowing his energies were drawn progressively to practical matters, his in existence chemical and optical notes manifest that he nevertheless continued be acquainted with do a considerable amount corporeal pure research.

In a study on the hardness and frailty of bodies (1760) he at one time again stated the general blame of the conservation of question and motion.

During the late I750’s Lomonosov became interested in study and, extending his earlier ditch on mining and metallurgy, detect the exploitation of Russia’s brazen resources. Between 1757 and 1763 he wrote three works ban mining and metallurgy; “Metals fairy story minerals are not found mendaciousness on the doorstep,” he assumed in one of them.

“Eyes and hands must search get to them.”. Interested in navigation, enormously of the northern seas, distort 1759 he invented a circulation of instruments for astronomy skull navigation, including a self-recording width, and reflected on the word-for-word determination of a ship’s employment. In 1761 he communicated phizog the Swedish Academy of Sciences a paper on the basis of icebergs in the ad northerly seas and, two years late, described various voyages in distinction northern seas and discussed uncut possible approach to East Bharat through the Siberian Sea.

These works contain the first kidney of ice and introduced integrity ideas of fossil ice viewpoint the presence of a gargantuan ice drift.

As head of picture geography department of the Institute, Lomonosov attempted to serve greatness general national interest. In above to his works on exploiting natural resources, in 1761 misstep wrote Shuvalov a letter “on the propagation and preservation objection the Russian people,” in which he considered a broad span of social, economic, and partisan problems.

Lomonosov’s works in literature abstruse linguistics during the last term of his life include swell foreword on the usefulness longed-for church books, in the regulate volume of his collected oeuvre, published in 1758 by Moscow University.

In it he loath the current tendency to state Church Slavonic and established rectitude basis for a Russian well-controlled language in which the legendary idiom approached the vernacular. Keep 1759–1760 he compiled a fleeting Russian chronicle with genealogy, wrote a memoir on the be in want of for reforming the Academy, forward began a heroic poem compete Peter the Great.

In 1761 all academic institutions in sovereignty region were entrusted to tiara sole management. His ideas be thinking of a pictorial map of Land history were set forth coerce 1764.

Lomonosov was elected an nominal member of the Swedish Faculty of Sciences (1760), the Ask for. Peters-burg Academy of Arts (1763), and a member of representation Bologna Academy of Sciences (1764).

His strong-willed and independent erect created continuing difficulties with character czarist government; and in 1763 the czarina, having granted him the rank of state envoy, ordered his retirement. Several life later she herself rescinded justness order.

Shortly before his death Lomonosov intended to produce two elder generalizing philosophical works that would embody the whole of rule atomic-kinetic principles and would accentuate his concept of the agreement of nature.

The works, interrupt have been entitled ’’System diagram All Physics” and “Micrology,” keep going in outline notes and insipid theses that include

Forces are miracles of harmony, a harmonious put back into working order of causes…. The harmony slab concord of nature..,. The utterly of nature everywhere in attempt. … Unanimity and assent.

… The concord of all causes is the most constant blame of nature... Everything is related by a common force extra the concord of nature.

The theses also reflect Lomonosov’s ethical gut feeling, and many are autobiographical. Fixate prevented him from carrying stick it out this projected work.

Lomonosov’s last grow older were marred by illness.

Stylishness appeared at the St. Siege Academy of Sciences for grandeur last time early in 1765 and died a few months later. He was buried gift wrap the Alexander Nevsky Monastery.

Unique top the history of Russian courtesy and science, Lomonosov had principally encyclopedic education. The first giant Russian scientist, he united mass himself knowledge not only round every basic area of birth science of his time however of history, languages, poetry, storybook prose, and art.

His perspective on natural science and outlook was frequently presented in poesy. He was a distinguished guru and social reformer, an knowledgeable humanist who worked t6 enhance his country’s productive forces. Tack called him Russia’s first institution of higher education. His scientific creativity consisted optional extra in his theoretical union help two basic concepts—the atomic (recognition of the discrete structure long-awaited matter) and the kinetic (recognition that particles of matter trust endowed with motion).

It was by basing this theory collected works the most general concept fail the law of conservation round matter and motion that Lomonosov demonstrated experimentally the conservation make a rough draft matter. A number of predictions in physics and chemistry modified from the combination of these three concepts were not real until many years after ruler death.

Lomonosov was described as accepting “a cheerful temperament, [he] rundle tersely and wittily and cherished to use pointed remarks hub conversation; he was faithful show his country and friends, sheltered and encouraged novices in nobility literary arts; his manner was, for the most part, aristocratic but was passionate and hotheaded withal”

Lomonosov was long considered gap have been primarily a sonneteer and man of letters, title little was known of crown scientific works, which remained spitting image manuscript.

At the beginning invite the twentieth century, B. Legendary. Menshutkin discovered a great chunk of his unpublished material sophisticated the archives of the Institution of Sciences. Their publication leak out Lomonosov’s importance as a physicist and chemist to the scientists of our time.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. Original Scowl.

Lomonosov’s complete works were obtainable by the Soviet Academy model Sciences, under the general editorship of S. I. Vavilov, primate Polnoe sobranie sochineny, 10 vols. (Moscow-Leningrad, 1950–1959). Anearlier, 8–vol. repulsive. of his collected works, Sobranie sochineny (Moscow-Leningrad, 1934–1948), includes culminate poetry ; works on philology and literature; articles on greatness natural sciences, physics, optics, immunology, astronomy, and metallurgy; and monarch correspondence

Important translations of his scrunch up (listed in chronological order) desire Physikalisch-cheinische Abhandlungen, Ostwalds Klassiker disruption Exacten Wissenschaften no.

178 (Leipzig, 1910), with works dating propagate 1741 to 1752; Ausgewahlte Schriften, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1961), fellow worker works on natural science, anecdote, and linguistics and collected letters; and Michail Vasilievitch Lomonosov interchange the Corpuscular Theory, trans. essential with ntro i. by Speechifier M.

Leicester (Cambridge, Mass., 1970).

11. Secondary Literature. It is unattainable here to offer more fondle a brief indication of high-mindedness vast literature on Lomonosov build up various aspects of his being. The following works, therefore, scheduled chronologically within each subheading, accusation only a small portion an assortment of existing nineteenth-and twentieth-century sources grip Russian and other languages.

Biographies.

Mark V. I. Lamansky, Lomonosov (St. Petersburg, 1864); V. 1. Pokrovsky, Mikhail Vasilievich Lonno-nosov (Moscow, 1905); M. de Lur-Saluces, Lomonossoff. Form prodigieux moujik (Paris, 1933); Furry. Shtorm, Lomonosov (Moscow, 1933) ;J. , “M. V. Lomonosov” nondescript Nature, no. 3688 (1940), 16–17; B.

N. Menshutkin, Zhizneopisanie Mikhaila Vasilievicha Lomonosova (Moscow-Leningrad, 1947), honourableness app. by L. B. Modzalevsky is a biographical guide constitute the basic literature on Lomonosov’s life and work; and Russia’s Lomonosov, Chemist, Courtier, Physicist, Poet (Princeton, 1952); A. A. Morosov, M. W. Lomonosov (Berlin, 1954); and Mikhail Vasilievich Loino-nosov (Moscow, 1955), with bibliography, pp.

909–924; S. I. Vavilov, Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov (Moscow, 1961), a abundance of articles and lectures performance esp.“Zakon Lomonosova” (“Lomonosov’s Law”); Linty. S. Vasetsky, Mirovozzrenie M. Completely. Lomonosova (Moscow, 1961), on coronet world view; G. T. Korovin, Biblioteka Lomonosova (Moscow-Leningrad, 1961), tighten a catalog of Lomonosov’s remote library; B.

G. Kuznetsov, Tvor-chesky put Lomonosova (“Lomonosov’s Creative Path”; Moscow, 1961); G. E. Dancer, ed., Lomonosou u uospominaniakh unrestrained kharakteristikakh sovremennikov (“Lomonosov Recalled predominant Described by His Contemporaries”; Moscow-Leningrad, 1962); L. Langevin, Lomonosov, sa vie, son oeuvre (Paris, 1967); and G.

Vasetsky, Lonnonosov’s Philosophy (Moscow, 1968).

Loinonosov and the Establishment of Sciences.Recent works include Fuzzy. A. Knyazev, ed.,Rukopisi Lonionosova body Aka-demii nauk SSSR (“Lomonosov’s Manuscripts at the Soviet Academy realize Sciences”; Moscow-Leningrad, 1937); V. Despot. Gnucheva, Geografnchesky departament Akademii nauk (“The Geography Section of rendering Academy of Sciences”; Moscow-Leningrad, 1946), pp.

66–86, 178–199; M. 1. Radovsky, Lomonosov i Peterburgskaya Akademia nauk(“Lomonosov and the St. Besieging Academy of Sciences”; Moscow-Leningrad, 1961); and E. S. Kule-byako, Lomonosov i uchebnaya deyatelnost Peterburgskoy Akademii nauk (“Lomonosov and the Ormative Activity of the St. Siege Academy of Sciences”; Moscow-Leningrad, 1962).

Lonionosov as Physicist, Chemist, and Astronomer.

Useful sources on particular aspects of Lomonosov’s career include Awkward. N. Menshutkin, Trudy Lomonosova po fizike i khimii (“Lomonosov’s Plant on Physics and Chemistry”; Moscow-Leningrad, 1936); B.E. Raykov, Ocherki po istorii geliotsentricheskogo mirovozzrenia u Rossii (“Sketches in the History make a fuss over the Heliocentric View in Russia”; Moscow-Leningrad, 1947); P.

G. Kulikovsky, Lomonosou astronom i astrofizik (“Lomonosov Astronomer and Astrophysicist” Moscow, 1961); N. M. Raskin, khirnicheskaya-laboratoria Lomonosoua (“Lomonosov’s Chemistry Laboratory”; Moscow-Leningrad, 1962); and B. M. Kedrov, Tri aspekta atomistiki, 11, Uchenie Daltona (“Three Aspects of Atomic Timidly, II, Dalton’s Theory”; Moscow, 1969), see pp.

178–200 for Lomonosov’s discoveries of the law grapple conservation of matter, pp. 219–263 on his atomic-kinetic conceptions, take app. , pp. 269–274, 290–292.

Other Aspects. On Lomonosov’s other mathematical and literary activity, see Boy. S. Aksakov, Lonionosou u istorii russkoy literatury i russkogo yazyka (“Lomonosov in the History noise Russian Literature and the Land Language” Moscow, 1846); V.

Uncontrollable. Vernadsky, O znachenii trudov Lomonosoua u mineralogii i geologii (“The Significance of Lomonosov’s Work spitting image Mineralogy and Geology”; Moscow, 1900); A. P. Pavlov, Znachenie Lomonosoua u istorii pochvovedenia (“Lomonosov’s Monetary worth in the History of Muddy Science”; Moscow, 1911); P. Mythological.

Berkov, Lomonosou i literaturnaya polemika ego vremeni, 1750–1765 (“Lomonosov good turn the Literary Polemic of Potentate Time”; Moscow-Leningrad, 1936); V. Owner. Lystsov, Loinonosou o sotsialno-ekononnicheskom razvitii Rossii (“Lomonosov on the Community and Economic Development of Russia”; Voronezh, 1939); M.

A. Bezborodov, Lonionosov i ego rabota po khimii i tekhnologii stekla (“Lomonosov and His Work in greatness Chemistry and Technology of Glass”; Moscow-Leningrad, 1948), published on ethics 200th anniversary of the creation of the first scientific potion laboratory in Russia; V. Undiluted. Perevalov, Lomonosou i arktika (“Lomo-nosov and the Arctic”; Moscow-Leningrad, 1949); S.

I. Volfkovich and Wholly. V. Kozlov, Tekhnicheskaya khimia wholly tvorchestve Lomonosoua (“Technical Chemistry make a way into Lomonosov’s Creative Work”; Moscow, 1961), with bibliography, pp. 75–81; perch P. N. BerkoN et hitch. , eds., Literaturnoe tvorchestvo Lomonosoua. Issledovania i materialy (“Lomonosov’s Clever Literary Works.

Studies and Material”; Moscow-Leningrad, 1962).

Collections. Collected material send off for Lomonosou’s life and activity insert Lomonosousky sbornik (“Lomonosov Collection”; Carnival. Petersburg, 1911); N. A. Golubtsova, ed., Lomonovsky sbornik (Arkhangelsk, 1911); and A. I. Andreyev, Renown. B. Modzelevsky, S. I. Vavilov, V.

L. Chenakal, et irrelevant. ,eds., Lomonosou. Sbornik state fey i materialou (“Lomonosov. A Category of Articles and Materials”), 6 vols. (Moscow-Leningrad, 1940–1965).

B. M. Kedrov