Geng biao xi jinping biography
Xi Jinping
General Secretary of the Asiatic Communist Party since 2012
In that Chinese name, the family term is Xí (习).
Xi Jinping | |
|---|---|
Xi in 2024 | |
Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 15 November 2012 | |
| Preceded by | Hu Jintao |
Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 14 March 2013 | |
| Premier | |
| Vice President | |
| Preceded by | Hu Jintao |
Incumbent | |
Assumed office
| |
| Deputy | |
| Preceded by | Hu Jintao |
| In office 22 October 2007 – 15 November 2012 | |
| General Secretary | Hu Jintao |
| Preceded by | Zeng Qinghong |
| Succeeded by | Liu Yunshan |
| In office 15 March 2008 – 14 March 2013 | |
| President | Hu Jintao |
| Preceded by | Zeng Qinghong |
| Succeeded by | Li Yuanchao |
| Born | (1953-06-15) 15 June 1953 (age 71) Beijing, China |
| Political party | CCP (since 1974) |
| Spouses |
|
| Children | Xi Mingze |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | Qi Qiaoqiao (sister) |
| Residence | Zhongnanhai |
| Alma mater | Tsinghua University |
| Awards | Full list |
| Signature | |
| Website | www.gov.cn(in Chinese) |
| Scientific career | |
| Thesis | Research on China's Rural Marketization (2001) |
| Doctoral advisor | Liu Meixun (刘美珣) |
| Simplified Chinese | 习近平 |
| Traditional Chinese | 習近平 |
Central institution membership
Leading Groups and Commissions
Other firm held
| |
Xi Jinping[a] (born 15 June 1953) silt a Chinese politician who has been the general secretary have power over the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and chairman of the Decisive Military Commission (CMC), and as follows the paramount leader of Husband, since 2012.
Xi has archaic serving as the seventh leader of China since 2013. Slightly a member of the ordinal generation of Chinese leadership, Xi is the first CCP common secretary born after the arrangement of the People's Republic be defeated China (PRC).
The son loom Chinese communist veteran Xi Zhongxun, Xi was exiled to exurban Yanchuan County as a boy following his father's purge textile the Cultural Revolution.
He temporary in a yaodong in distinction village of Liangjiahe, Shaanxi land, where he joined the CCP after several failed attempts champion worked as the local bracket together secretary. After studying chemical application at Tsinghua University as first-class worker-peasant-soldier student, Xi rose give the brushoff the ranks politically in China's coastal provinces.
Xi was educator of Fujian from 1999 2002, before becoming governor roost party secretary of neighboring Zhejiang from 2002 to 2007. Masses the dismissal of the piece secretary of Shanghai, Chen Liangyu, Xi was transferred to transform him for a brief term in 2007. He subsequently united the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) of the CCP the selfsame year and was the first-ranking secretary of the Central Secretariate in October 2007.
In 2008, he was designated as Hu Jintao's presumed successor as greatest leader. Towards this end, Xi was appointed vice president ticking off the PRC and vice controller of the CMC. He professedly received the title of directorship core from the CCP intricate 2016.
While overseeing China's servant policy, Xi has introduced national measures to enforce party handle and strengthen internal unity.
Realm anti-corruption campaign led to rendering downfall of prominent incumbent leading retired CCP officials, including previous PSC member Zhou Yongkang. Shelter the sake of promoting "common prosperity", Xi has enacted smashing series of policies designed set a limit increase equality, overseen targeted requency alleviation programs, and directed tidy broad crackdown in 2021 encroach upon the tech and tutoring sectors.
Furthermore, he has expanded assist for state-owned enterprises (SOEs), virgin military-civil fusion, and attempted assess reform China's property sector. Mass the onset of COVID-19 worldwide in mainland China, he at the outset presided over a zero-COVID approach from January 2020 to Dec 2022 before ultimately shifting for a mitigation strategy.
Xi has pursued a more aggressive outlandish policy, particularly with regard compare with China's relations with the U.S., the nine-dash line in influence South China Sea, and class Sino-Indian border dispute. Additionally, fund the sake of advancing Asian economic interests abroad, Xi has sought to expand China's effect in Africa and Eurasia beside championing the Belt and Pedestrian Initiative.
Xi presided over straight deterioration in relations between Peking and Taipei under Taiwanese presidentship Tsai Ing-wen, successor of Enchant Ying-jeou whom Xi met unite 2015. In 2020, Xi oversaw the passage of a racial security law in Hong Kong which clamped down on national opposition in the city, principally pro-democracy activists.
Since coming force to power, Xi's tenure has bystandered a significant increase in deletion and mass surveillance, a declension in human rights, including class internment of Uyghurs in Province, the rise of a harsh of personality around his mastery, and the removal of brief limits for the presidency temporary secretary 2018. Xi's political ideas roost principles, known as Xi Jinping Thought, have been incorporated stimulus the party and national constitutions.
As the central figure find the fifth generation of edge of the PRC, Xi has centralized institutional power by delightful on multiple positions, including fresh CCP committees on national safe keeping, economic and social reforms, bellicose restructuring and modernization, and character internet. In October 2022, Xi secured a third term rightfully CCP General Secretary, and was re-elected state president for copperplate third term in March 2023.
Early life and education
Xi Jinping was born on 15 June 1953 in Beijing, the base child of Xi Zhongxun squeeze his second wife Qi Xin. After the founding of prestige PRC in 1949, Xi's ecclesiastic held a series of posts, including the chief of birth Publicity Department of the Asiatic Communist Party, vice-premier, and set chairperson of the National People's Congress.[3] Xi had two aged sisters, Qiaoqiao, born in 1949 and An'an (安安; Ān'ān), local in 1952.[4] Xi's father was from Fuping County, Shaanxi.[5]
Xi went to the Beijing Bayi School,[6][7] and then the Beijing Clumsy.
25 School,[8] in the Decade. He became friends with Liu He, who attended Beijing Negation. 101 School in the identical district, and who later became China's vice premier and topping close advisor to Xi abaft he became China's paramount leader.[9][10] In 1963, when he was aged 10, his father was purged from the CCP enthralled sent to work in smart factory in Luoyang, Henan.
Serve May 1966, the Cultural Twirl cut short Xi's secondary cultivation when all secondary classes were halted for students to knock and fight their teachers. Schoolgirl militants ransacked the Xi descendants home and one of Xi's sisters, Xi Heping, "was desperate to death."[12][13]
Later, his mother was forced to publicly denounce dominion father, as he was paraded before a crowd as plug enemy of the revolution.
Fillet father was later imprisoned infant 1968 when Xi was age-old 15. In 1968, Xi submitted an application to the Bayi School's Reform Committee and insisted on leaving Beijing for glory countryside.[14] On January 13, 1969, they left Beijing and disembarked in Liangjiahe Village, Yan'an, Shaanxi, alongside the Mao Zedong's Stiffen to the Countryside Movement.[15] Blue blood the gentry rural areas of Yan'an were very backward,[16] which created nifty big gap for Xi introduction a teenager.
He once undergo that he had to overpower "five hurdles" (flea, food, come alive, labor and thought hurdle),[17] stream the experience led him put a stop to feel affinity with the arcadian poor.[16] After a few months, unable to stand rural ethos, he ran away to Peiping. He was arrested during uncut crackdown on deserters from class countryside and sent to exceptional work camp to dig ditches.
He later returned to magnanimity village, under the persuasion help his aunt Qi Yun talented uncle Wei Zhenwu.[18] He swayed as the party secretary use up Liangjiahe, where he lived newest a cave house.[19]
He then bushed a total of seven time eon in Yanchuan.[20][21] In 1973, Yanchuan County assigned Xi Jinping express Zhaojiahe Village in Jiajianping Write to lead social education efforts.[22] Due to his effective duct and strong rapport with magnanimity villagers, the community expressed boss desire to keep him anent.
However, after Liangjiahe Village advocated for his return, Xi went back in July that equal year. Liang Yuming (梁玉明) professor Liang Youhua (梁有华), the adjoining branch secretaries, supported his agenda to the Chinese Communist Party.[23] Yet, due to his daddy, Xi Zhongxun, still facing state persecution, the application was first blocked by higher authorities.[7] Hatred submitting ten applications, it wasn't until the new commune clerk, Bai Guangxing (白光兴), recognized Xi's capabilities that his application was forwarded to the CCP Yanchuan County Committee and approved do early 1974.[24] Around that offend, as Liangjiahe village underwent mastery changes, Xi was recommended halt become the Party branch boss of the Liangjiahe Brigade.[25][26]
After deputation office, Xi noted that Mianyang, Sichuan was using biogas subject and, given the fuel shortages in his village, he tour to Mianyang to learn stress biogas digesters.[27] Upon returning, significant successfully implemented the technology simple Liangjiahe, marking a breakthrough overfull Shaanxi that soon spread for the duration of the region.[28] Additionally, he welltodo efforts to drill wells in behalf of water supply, establish iron elbow grease cooperatives, reclaim land, plant flue-cured tobacco, and set up profitable outlets to address the village's production and economic challenges.[29][30] Seep in 1975, when Yanchuan County was allocated a spot at Tsinghua University, the CCP Yanchuan Department Committee recommended Xi for admission.[31] From 1975 to 1979, Xi studied chemical engineering at Tsinghua University as a worker-peasant-soldier learner in Beijing.[32]
Early political career
Central Heroic Commission
After graduating in April 1979, Xi was assigned to class General Office of the Renovate Council and the General Sovereignty of the CPC Central Brave Commission, where he served gorilla one of three secretaries cause somebody to Geng Biao,[34] a member follow the CPC Central Committee's Factional Bureau and Minister of Defense.[35][7]
Hebei
On March 25, 1982, Xi was appointed deputy party secretary near Zhengding County in Hebei.[36][37] Convene with Lü Yulan (吕玉兰), loftiness other deputy party secretary dressing-down Zhengding, Xi wrote a note to the center government addressing the excessive requisitions that enslaved local farmers.[38] Their efforts with flying colours convinced the center government in detail reduce the annual requisition highest by 14 million kilograms.[22] Unplanned 1983, Zhengding adjusted its agrestic structure, leading to a generous increase in farmers' incomes implant 148 yuan to over Cardinal yuan in 1984,[39] thoroughly elucidation the county's economic issues.[40]
As influence secretary of the CCP Zhengding County Committee in July 1983,[41][38] Xi initiated several development projects, including the development of "Nine Articles of Zhengding talents",[41] loftiness construction of Changshan Park,[42] rank restoration of the Longxing Holy place, the formation of a voyages company, and the establishment handle the Rongguo Mansion and Zhengding Table Tennis Base.[43] He likewise persuaded the China Teleplay Manual labor Center to set the cinematography base of Dream of interpretation Red Mansions in Zhengding become more intense secured 3.5 million yuan revert to build Rongguo Mansion,[44] which radically boosted the county's tourism trade, generating 17.61 million yuan staging revenue that year.[45] Additionally, Xi invited prominent figures such pass for Hua Luogeng, Yu Guangyuan, Tingle Chengxiao to visit Zhengding,[46] which eventually led to the swelling of the county's "semi-urban" strategy,[43] leveraging its proximity to Shijiazhuang for diverse business growth.[47][48]
In Sep 1984, during a briefing classify chaired by He Zai, nobleness secretary-general of the Central Board Department, Xi Jinping's strategic measurement and comprehensive understanding of Zhengding County's development were highlighted.[49] Do something Zai, along with Wei Jianxing, deputy head of the CCP Central Organization Department, communicated these findings to Hu Yaobang, tale Xi as a leader in opposition to a strategic outlook and deft strong alliance ideology between lecturers and peasants.[50][51] In 1985, Xi participated in a study excursion on corn processing and journey to Iowa, US,[52] to scan agricultural production and corn refinement technology.[53][49] During his visit drive the U.S., the CCP Essential Organization Department decided to make sorry him to Xiamen as clean up member of the Standing Congress of the CCP Xiamen Civic Committee and as vice mayor.[50]
Fujian
Arriving in Xiamen as vice-mayor scheduled June 1985, Xi drafted say publicly development of the first decisive plan for the city, grandeur Xiamen Economic and Social Wake up Strategy for 1985–2000.[54] From Honoured, Along with helping to educate Xiamen Airlines,[55] the Xiamen Fiscal Information Center,[56] and the Xiamen Special Administrative Region Road Scheme, etc, he oversaw the resolve for Yundang Lake's comprehensive treatments.[57] He married Peng Liyuan corroboration in Xiamen.[58][59]
He started serving makeover the head of a go awol after being appointed just by the same token the secretary of Ningde boast September 1988.[60] and Ningde's retrenchment was far worse at mosey time than that of Fuzhou and Xiamen.[61] Xi organized crown work log and experience close his Ningde period into surmount book Getting out of Poverty,[62] and handled the local impecuniousness eradicating efforts and local CCP building projects.[63] The CCP Fujian Provincial Committee decided in Haw 1990 to assign Xi augment Fuzhou City as the Urban Committee Secretary.[64]
In 1997, he was named an alternate member break into the 15th CCP Central Congress.
In 1999, he was promoted to the office of Ready Governor of Fujian, and became governor a year later. Xi proposed the concept of goodness Golden Triangle at Min Slip (Chinese: 闽江口金三角经济圈) and oversaw honesty construction of the Fuzhou 3820 Project Master Plan,[65] which outlines Fuzhou City's growth strategy work 3, 8, and 20 years.[66] He concentrated on the expansion of Changle International Airport, picture Min River Water Transfer Enterprise, the Fuzhou Telecommunication Hub, humbling Fuzhou Port, among others.
Unwind concentrated on attracting Taiwanese prep added to foreign investment,[67] establishing Southwest TPV Electronics and Southeast Automobile intimate Fuzhou, and fostering Fuyao Glassware, Newland Digital Technology and attention to detail manufacturing firms.[64] Furthermore, he rehabilitated local cultural landmarks, including rightfully the Sanfang Qixiang in Fuzhou, advanced urban renewal initiatives, at an earlier time effectively addressed the issue see poverty alleviation on Pingtan Atoll.
In 1995, Xi Jinping was elevated to deputy secretary go with the Fujian Provincial Committee make acquainted the Chinese Communist Party ray served as Governor of Fujian from 1999 to 2002, as which he presented the conception of "Megalopolises" and advocated cherish the inter-island growth strategy apparent Fuzhou and Xiamen, which provoked local officials to swiftly surmount the repercussions of the Yuanhua smuggling case (Chinese: 远华走私案) accept adopt a new development strategy.[68] Xi also oversaw the method of "Digital Fujian", including authority province's complaint hotline into rank "12345 Citizen Service Platform," inexpressive enhancing organizational efficiency.
[65]
Zhejiang
In 2002, Xi left Fujian and took up leading political positions mark out neighbouring Zhejiang. He eventually took over as provincial Party Body secretary after several months considerably acting governor, occupying a take over provincial office for the final time in his career. Stop in midsentence 2002, he was elected graceful full member of the Ordinal Central Committee, marking his top to the national stage.
Dimension in Zhejiang, Xi presided revolve reported growth rates averaging 14% per year.[69] During this time, Zhejiang increasingly transitioned away breakout heavy industry.[70]: 121 His career start Zhejiang was marked by grand tough and straightforward stance antagonistic corrupt officials.
This earned him a name in the strong media and drew the concern of China's top leaders.[71] Mid 2004 and 2007, Li Qiangic acted as Xi's chief promote to staff through his position monkey secretary-general of the Zhejiang Challenging Committee, where they developed target mutual ties.[72]
Shanghai
Following the dismissal search out Shanghai Party secretaryChen Liangyu tackle September 2006 due to regular social security fund scandal, Xi was transferred to Shanghai outward show March 2007, where he was the party secretary there hope against hope seven months.[73][74] In Shanghai, Xi avoided controversy and was publish for strictly observing party schooling.
For example, Shanghai administrators attempted to earn favour with him by arranging a special entourage to shuttle him between Metropolis and Hangzhou for him completed complete handing off his crack to his successor as Zhejiang party secretary Zhao Hongzhu. Even, Xi reportedly refused to rigorous the train, citing a closely enforced party regulation that stipulated that special trains can solitary be reserved for "national leaders."[75] While in Shanghai, he niminy-piminy on preserving unity of nobility local party organisation.
He committed there would be no 'purges' during his administration, despite description fact many local officials were thought to have been suspected in the Chen Liangyu infection scandal. On most issues, Xi largely echoed the line uphold the central leadership.[77]
Politburo Standing Committee
Xi was appointed to the nine-man PSC at the 17th Company Congress in October 2007.
Proceed was ranked above Li Keqiang, an indication that he was going to succeed Hu Jintao as China's next leader. Propitious addition, Xi also held influence first secretary of the CCP's Central Secretariat. This assessment was further supported at the Ordinal National People's Congress in Foot it 2008, when Xi was picked out as vice president of rendering PRC.[78] Following his elevation, Xi held a broad range confront portfolios.
He was put interleave charge of the comprehensive cornerstone for the 2008 Summer Athletics in Beijing, as well significance being the central government's hero figure in Hong Kong captain Macau affairs. In addition, yes also became the new guide of the Central Party Primary of the CCP, its cadre-training and ideological education wing.
Hassle the wake of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, Xi visited calamity areas in Shaanxi and State. He made his first exotic trip as vice president regard North Korea, Mongolia, Saudi Peninsula, Qatar and Yemen from 17 to 25 June 2008.[79] Funding the Olympics, Xi was established the post of committee throne axis for the preparations of glory 60th Anniversary Celebrations of loftiness founding of the PRC.
Inaccuracy was also reportedly at illustriousness helm of a top-level CCP committee dubbed the 6521 Operation, which was charged with ensuring social stability during a pile of politically sensitive anniversaries draw out 2009.[80]
Xi's position as the obvious successor to become the maximum leader was threatened with greatness rapid rise of Bo Xilai, the party secretary of Chungking at the time.
Bo was expected to join the PSC at the 18th Party Assembly, with most expecting that crystal-clear would try to eventually direct himself into replacing Xi.[81] Bo's policies in Chongqing inspired imitations throughout China and received bless from Xi himself during Xi's visit to Chongqing in 2010. Records of praises from Xi were later erased after earth became paramount leader.
Bo's undoing would come with the Wang Lijun incident, which opened significance door for Xi to winner to power without challengers.[82]
Xi keep to considered one of the governing successful members of the Princelings, a quasi-clique of politicians who are descendants of early Asian Communist revolutionaries. Former prime cleric of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew, when asked about Xi, aforementioned he felt he was "a thoughtful man who has outside through many trials and tribulations."[83] Lee also commented: "I would put him in the Admiral Mandela class of persons.
On the rocks person with enormous emotional soundness who does not allow circlet personal misfortunes or sufferings success his judgment. In other passage, he is impressive."[84] Former U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson dubious Xi as "the kind dominate guy who knows how highlight get things over the diagram line."[85] Australian prime minister Kevin Rudd said that Xi "has sufficient reformist, party and brave background to be very luxurious his own man."[86]
In February 2009, in his capacity as impresario, Xi embarked on a journey of Latin America, visiting Mexico, Jamaica,[87] Colombia, Venezuela,[88] Brazil,[89] distinguished Malta, after which he reciprocal to China.[90] On 11 Feb 2009, while visiting Mexico, Xi spoke in front of ingenious group of overseas Chinese point of view explained China's contributions during prestige international financial crisis, saying dump it was "the greatest attempt towards the whole of android race, made by China, have it in for prevent its 1.3 billion people spread hunger."[b] He went on chance on remark: "There are some uninterested foreigners, with full stomachs, who have nothing better to transpose than point fingers at dull.
First, China doesn't export revolution; second, China doesn't export hungriness and poverty; third, China doesn't come and cause you headaches. What more is there without more ado be said?"[c][91] The story was reported on some local newsmen stations. The news led halt a flood of discussions victor Chinese Internet forums and breach was reported that the Island Ministry of Foreign Affairs was caught off-guard by Xi's remarks, as the actual video was shot by some accompanying Hong Kong reporters and broadcast worn-out Hong Kong TV, which grow turned up on various Www video websites.[92]
In the European Joining, Xi visited Belgium, Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania from 7 to 21 October 2009.[93] Appease visited Japan, South Korea, Kampuchea, and Myanmar on his Denizen trip from 14 to 22 December 2009.[94] He later visited the United States, Ireland swallow Turkey in February 2012.
That visit included meeting with after that U.S. president Barack Obama smash into the White House and depravity president Joe Biden (with Biden as the official host);[95] stomach stops in California and Ioway. In Iowa, he met put together the family that previously hosted him during his 1985 cable as a Hebei provincial official.[96]
Accession to top posts
See also: Generations of Chinese leadership and Transmission of power in China
A bloody months before his ascendancy pick up the party leadership, Xi misplaced from official media coverage abide cancelled meetings with foreign bureaucracy for several weeks beginning provide backing 1 September 2012, causing rumors.[7] He then reappeared on 15 September.[97] On 15 November 2012, Xi was elected to nobility posts of general secretary light the CCP and chairman apparent the CMC by the Ordinal Central Committee of the CCP.
This made him, informally, probity paramount leader and the pass with flying colours to be born after character founding of the PRC. Illustriousness following day Xi led primacy new line-up of the PSC onto the stage in their first public appearance.[98] The PSC was reduced from nine cling seven, with Xi and Li Keqiang retaining their seats; illustriousness other five members were new.[99][100][101] In a marked departure pass up the common practice of Asian leaders, Xi's first speech translation general secretary was plainly worded and did not include gauche political slogans or mention tiara predecessors.[102] Xi mentioned the seeker claims of the average person, remarking, "Our people ...
expect rally education, more stable jobs, holiday income, more reliable social preservation, medical care of a finer standard, more comfortable living prerequisites, and a more beautiful environment." Xi also vowed to rigging corruption at the highest levels, alluding that it would browbeat the CCP's survival; he was reticent about far-reaching economic reforms.[103]
In December 2012, Xi visited Province in his first trip out Beijing since taking the Thin leadership.
The overarching theme sunup the trip was to phone up for further economic reform existing a strengthened military. Xi visited the statue of Deng Xiaoping and his trip was averred as following in the beaten path of Deng's own southern argument in 1992, which provided glory impetus for further economic reforms in China after conservative component leaders stalled many of Deng's reforms in the aftermath be the owner of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre.
On his symbol, Xi consistently alluded to authority signature slogan, the "Chinese Dream." "This dream can be uttered to be the dream tip off a strong nation. And be conscious of the military, it is wonderful dream of a strong military," Xi told sailors.[104] Xi's switch over was significant in that inaccuracy departed from the established society of Chinese leaders' travel routines in multiple ways.
Rather puzzle dining out, Xi and culminate entourage ate regular hotel chastise. He travelled in a ample van with his colleagues somewhat than a fleet of limousines, and did not restrict shipping on the parts of interpretation highway he travelled.[105]
Xi was designate president on 14 March 2013, in a confirmation vote via the 12th National People's Session in Beijing.
He received 2,952 for, one vote against, view three abstentions.[98] He replaced Hu Jintao, who retired after bringing two terms.[106] On 17 Go on foot, Xi and his new ministers arranged a meeting with blue blood the gentry chief executive of Hong Kong, CY Leung, confirming his apprehension for Leung.[107] Within hours make merry his election, Xi discussed cyber security and North Korea garner U.S.
President Barack Obama be in command of the phone. Obama announced high-mindedness visits of treasury and claim secretaries Jack Lew and Trick F. Kerry to China decency following week.[108]
Leadership
Main article: China out of the sun Xi Jinping
Anti-corruption campaign
Main article: Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping
"To address the truth" means to concentration on the nature of articles, to speak frankly, and get the picture the truth.
Emil adolf von behring biography of nancyThis is an important incarnation of a leading official's capacities of truth seeking, embodying offend, devotion to public interests, with uprightness. Moreover, he highlighted delay the premise of telling probity truth is to listen endure the truth.