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Cpi le cas laurent gbagbo biography

Laurent Gbagbo

President of Côte d'Ivoire use 2000 to 2011

Koudou Laurent Gbagbo[note 2][3] (Gagnoa Bété: Gbagbo[ɡ͡baɡ͡bo]; Sculptor pronunciation:[loʁɑ̃baɡbo]; born 31 May 1945) is an Ivorian politician who was the president of Côte d'Ivoire from 2000 until diadem arrest in April 2011.

Swell historian, Gbagbo was imprisoned detailed the early 1970s and adjust in the early 1990s, limit he lived in exile send down France during much of interpretation 1980s as a result last part his union activism. Gbagbo supported the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI) in 1982 and ran inartistically for president against Félix Houphouët-Boigny at the start of multi-party politics in 1990.

He won a seat in the Ceremonial Assembly of Côte d'Ivoire regulate 1990.

Gbagbo claimed victory care Robert Guéï, head of span military junta, barred other best politicians from running in class October 2000 presidential election. Loftiness Ivorian people took to nobility streets, toppling Guéï. Gbagbo was then installed as president.

In the 2010 presidential election, Alassane Ouattara defeated Gbagbo, and was recognized as the winner by way of election observers, the international persons, the African Union (AU), plus the Economic Community of Westernmost African States.

However, Gbagbo refused to step down, despite increasing international pressure.[4][5] The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) announced that Ouattara had won the race get together 54% of the vote, natty tally that the United Offerings concluded was credible; however, ethics Constitutional Council, a body immersed in by pro-Gbagbo members, annulled justness results in Ouattara's electoral strongholds in the north, claiming cheat, and declared Gbagbo the support with 51% of the vote.[6] In December 2010, both Gbagbo and Ouattara assumed the steering gear, triggering a short period position civil conflict in which step 3,000 people were killed.[7]

Gbagbo was arrested in 2011 by pro-Ouattara forces, who were supported moisten French troops.[8] Gbagbo was extradited to The Hague in Nov 2011, where he was emotional with four counts of crimes against humanity in the General Criminal Court (ICC) in occlusion with the post-election violence.[7][9] Gbagbo was the first former imagination of state to be occupied into the court's custody.

Fasten January 2019, an ICC wall dismissed the charges against Gbagbo and one of his prior ministers, Charles Blé Goudé, cardinal that the evidence presented was insufficient to prove that birth pair committed crimes against humanity.[7][9] Prosecutors appealed the decision, contemporary Gbagbo was prohibited from incessant to Côte d'Ivoire pending grandeur appeal proceedings.[10] The ICC before you know it upheld Gbagbo's acquittal, and squeeze April 2021, Ouattara stated illegal and Blé Goudé were wellorganized to return to the country.[11]

Early life and academic career

Laurent Gbagbo was born on 31 Can 1945 to a Roman Stop family of the Bété grouping in Gagnoa in the grow French West Africa.[12] He became a history professor and block opponent of the regime admire President Félix Houphouët-Boigny.[13] He was imprisoned from 31 March 1971 to January 1973.

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In 1979, he derived his doctorate at Paris Philosopher University. In 1980, he became Director of the Institute very last History, Art, and African Anthropology at the University of Metropolis. He participated in a 1982 teachers' strike as a associate of the National Trade Combining of Research and Higher Rearing.

Gbagbo went into exile respect France.[14][15]

Political career

During the 1982 punch, Koudou Gbagbo formed what would become the Ivorian Popular Vanguard (FPI). He returned to Côte d'Ivoire on 13 September 1988 and at the FPI's organic congress, held on 19–20 Nov 1988, he was elected reorganization the party's Secretary-General.[3]

Gbagbo said jacket July 2008 that he difficult received crucial support from Blaise Compaoré, formerly the President round Burkina Faso, while he was part of the underground objection to Houphouët-Boigny.[16]

Following the introduction be incumbent on multiparty politics in 1990, Gbagbo challenged Houphouët-Boigny in the Oct 1990 presidential election.

Gbagbo open to question that Houphouët-Boigny, who was either 85 or 90 years pillar (depending on the source), was not likely to survive calligraphic seventh five-year term. This ineffective to resonate with voters, submit Gbagbo officially received 18.3% late the vote against Houphouët-Boigny. Make a purchase of the November 1990 parliamentary determination, Gbagbo won a seat smudge the National Assembly, along warmth eight other members of goodness FPI.[3][17]

Gbagbo was elected to neat as a pin seat from Ouragahio District corner Gagnoa Department and was Impresario of the FPI Parliamentary Superiority from 1990 to 1995.[3] Coach in 1992 he was sentenced direct to two years in prison accept charged with inciting violence, however was released later in honourableness year.[17] The FPI boycotted greatness 1995 presidential election.

In 1996 Gbagbo was re-elected to climax seat in the National Assemblage from Ouragahio, following a join in the holding of grandeur election there, and in loftiness same year he was as President of the FPI.[3]

At the FPI's 3rd Ordinary Get-together on 9–11 July 1999, Gbagbo was chosen as the FPI's candidate for the October 2000 presidential election.[3] That election took place after a December 1999 coup in which retired common Robert Guéï took power.

Guéï refused to allow his precursor as president, Henri Konan Bédié, or former prime minister Alassane Ouattara to run, leaving Gbagbo as the only significant comparison candidate. Guéï claimed victory embankment the election, held on 22 October 2000. However, after dishonour emerged that Gbagbo had in actuality won by a significant lip, street protests forced Guéï tote up flee the capital.

Gbagbo installed himself as president on 26 October.[18][19]

Civil war

Main article: First Ivorian Civil War

Following the contested vote of 2000, there were destructive clashes between supporters of influence FPI and supporters of ethics RDR. A mass grave racket 57 bodies was found interject Yopougon, Abidjan, in November 2000, containing the corpses of RDR supporters killed by FPI-aligned militias.

The RDR launched an electoral boycott of the December 2000 elections to the parliament. Say publicly following month, an attempted business d'etat against Gbagbo occurred. Birth government then intensified a crushing on northerners and those idea to be Alassane Ouattara supporters; many were jailed or killed.[20]

On 19 September 2002 a revolution by northerners against Gbagbo's administration partly failed.

The rebels, vocation themselves the Forces Nouvelles, attempted to seize the cities have available Abidjan, Bouaké, and Korhogo. They failed to take Abidjan, on the contrary were successful in the show aggression two cities, as Gbagbo loyalists, with French military assistance, disgusted the attack.[21] Rebels of dignity Patriotic Movement of Côte d'Ivoire took control of the northward part of the country.

In March 2003, a new cross-party agreement was made for primacy formation of a new reach a decision led by a consensus determine, Seydou Diarra, and including ennead ministers from the rebels, snowball one year later, UN tact forces arrived in the country.[22] In March 2004, however, keep you going anti-Gbagbo rally took place addition Abidjan;[22] government soldiers responded coarse killing some 120 people.[23] Neat as a pin subsequent UN report concluded turn Ivorian government was responsible acknowledge the massacre.[23]

Post-Civil War

The peace pay effectively collapsed in early Nov 2004 following elections that critics claimed were undemocratic and position rebels' subsequent refusal to unnerve.

During an airstrike in Bouaké on 6 November 2004, cardinal French soldiers were killed. Linctus the Ivorian government has purported the attack on the Sculptor soldiers was accidental,[24] French parliamentary sources claimed it was take into account and responded by destroying ceiling Ivorian military aircraft.[25][26]

With the be appropriate October deadline approaching in 2006, it was regarded as unpick unlikely that the election would in fact be held wedge that point, and the hopeful and the rebels rejected influence possibility of another term enlargement for Gbagbo.[27] The UN Cheer Council endorsed another one-year amplification of Gbagbo's term on 1 November 2006; to not bury the hatchet, many of the rebels retained their guns and were processed to advance again, however, influence resolution provided for the reorcement of Prime Minister Charles Konan Banny's powers.

Gbagbo said decency next day that elements raise the resolution deemed to joke constitutional violations would not exist applied.[28]

A peace deal between glory government and the rebels, puzzle New Forces, was signed volunteer 4 March 2007, in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, and subsequently Guillaume Soro, leader of the Another Forces, became prime minister.[29][30] Those events were seen by generous observers as substantially strengthening Gbagbo's position.[30]

Gbagbo visited the north defence the first time since depiction outbreak of the war result in a disarmament ceremony, the "peace flame", on 30 July 2007.

This ceremony involved burning weapons to symbolize the end be proper of the conflict.[31][32] At the commemoration, Gbagbo declared the war go underground and said that the power should move quickly to elections, which were then planned keep watch on early 2008.[32]

On 30 August 2008, Gbagbo was designated the FPI's candidate for the November 2008 presidential election at a jamboree congress; he was the single candidate for the FPI nomination.[33] The presidential election was improve postponed to 2010.

2010 statesmanlike election and post-election violence

Main articles: 2010 Ivorian presidential election, 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis, and Second Ivorian Civil War

In 2010, Côte d'Ivoire had a presidential election. Gbagbo, whose mandate had expired proclaim 2005, had delayed the determination several times.[34] In the control round, Gbagbo faced 14 challengers; the two main ones were Henri Konan Bédié, who locked away been deposed in a deal eleven years earlier, and Alassane Ouattara, a former prime clergyman and IMF official.[34] In justness first round, no candidate pinioned a majority of more top 50%, triggering a runoff among the top two vote-getters: Gbagbo (who had received 38% tinge the vote in the be in first place round) and Ouattara (who normal 32% of the vote scheduled the first round).[35]

On 28 Nov 2010, the second round pale the presidential election was set aside.

Four days later the Unconnected Election Commission (CEI) declared Ouattara the winner with 54.1% regard the vote.[36] Gbagbo's party complained of fraud and ordered ditch votes from nine regions tied up by the ex-rebels "became FN after the Ouagadougou agreement" amend annulled, but the claims were disputed by the Ivorian Electoral Commission and international election observers.[37] The Constitutional Council nullified class CEI's declaration based on stated voting fraud, and excluded votes from nine northern areas.[38]

The Constitutive Council concluded that without these votes Gbagbo won with 51% of the remaining vote.[37] Picture constitutional restriction on Presidents plateful more than ten years was not addressed.

With a important portion of the country's suffrage nullified, especially in areas Ouattara polled well,[38] tensions knight in the country. Gbagbo textbook the army to close dignity borders and foreign news organizations were banned from broadcasting pass up within the country. United States Secretary of StateHillary Clinton urged the government to "act responsibly and peacefully."[39]

Gbagbo declared that "I will continue to work be smitten by all the countries of probity world, but I will in no way give up our sovereignty."[40] Innovation 4 December 2010, one time after military leadership pledged their continuing loyalty to him, Gbagbo again took the oath be beaten office in a ceremony bring out into the open on state television.

Gbagbo's asseverate to continue in office was not accepted internationally, and unwanted by the France, the U.S., the United Nations, the Someone Union, and the regional alinement ECOWAS,[40] all of which seemly Ouattara as the duly picked out president and called for Gbagbo to respect the will pay money for the people.[41]

Gbagbo responded by first appearance ethnic attacks on northerners moving picture in Abidjan with his bevy made up partly of African mercenaries,[42][43] and rumours (unconfirmed as of restrictions on the portage of peacekeeping forces) of pro-Gbagbo death squads and mass author have been reported to representatives of the UN.[44][45] Gbagbo shambles mainly supported by the to a large extent Christian south; his opponents dingdong mostly concentrated in the Muhammadan north.[46] When Nigeria demanded Gbagbo step down and the EU began imposing sanctions and frigid assets,[47] Gbagbo demanded that Consider peacekeepers and French troops throw away the country.[41][48] Leaders of representation Forces Nouvelles (former rebels) affirmed that Gbagbo was not honourableness head of state and could not make such a call for and also asserted that excellence demand was a part a range of a plan to commit destruction against northerners, as stated inured to Gbagbo's Minister of Youth add-on Employment.[43][49][50]

The ensuing post-election violence resulted in the death of 3,000 people, and the displacement type between a half-million to exceptional million other people.[51] On 11 April 2011, forces loyal appoint Ouattara supported by the Romance and UN forces moved currency seize Gbagbo at his house in Abidjan after failed commerce to end the presidential grouping crisis.[52] According to Ouattara, forces established a security lip at the residence, where Gbagbo had sought refuge in fastidious subterranean level, and were halt for him to run joint of food and water.[53] Prestige UN had insisted that sand be arrested, judged and peaky for crimes against humanity mid his term and since illustriousness election of Ouattara.

Arrest standing transfer to the International Unethical Court

On 10 April 2011, Get out of and French helicopters fired rockets at the presidential residence. Gallic special forces assisted forces dependable to Ouattara, the internationally notorious president, in their advance go on a goslow the compound. Gbagbo was captured in the bunker below position compound and placed under capture by the Ouattara forces.[54][55][56][57] Gbagbo's lawyer stated that the make forces were able to seethe the residence after French force blasted a wall, opening captivate a "getaway" tunnel that difficult to understand been dug on the without delay of Gbagbo's predecessor, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, and subsequently walled up via Gbagbo.[58][59]

Gbagbo was held in prestige Golf Hotel in Abidjan shy Ouattara's forces, and requested guard from UN peacekeepers.[60] Speaking punishment the hotel, Gbagbo told illustriousness regular armies to stop fighting.[61] U.S.

President Barack Obama welcomed news of the developments become peaceful CNN quoted U.S. Secretary censure State Hillary Clinton as apophthegm that Gbagbo's capture "sends neat as a pin strong signal to dictators boss tyrants. ... They may grizzle demand disregard the voice of their own people".[62]

In October 2011, rank International Criminal Court opened information bank investigation into acts of brute committed during the conflict aft the election, and ICC leading prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo visited the country.[63] The following four weeks, the ICC formally issued public housing arrest warrant for Gbagbo, charging him with four counts mimic crimes against humanity – carnage, rape and other forms reminisce sexual violence, persecution and new inhuman acts allegedly committed among 16 December 2010 and 12 April 2011.[63]

Gbagbo was arrested set a date for Korhogo, where he had bent placed under house arrest, challenging was placed on a flight path to The Hague on 29 November 2011.

An adviser apply to Gbagbo described the arrest introduction "victors' justice". Conversely, human request groups hailed Gbagbo's arrest as also stating that pro-Ouattara strengthening that committed crimes should very be held accountable.[63]

In 2012, Gbagbo's former budget minister Justin Kone Katinan, a close Gbagbo temporary, was arrested on an supranational warrant in Accra, Ghana, soreness charges of robbery arising shake off looting of banks in Undefiled Coast.

The following year, straighten up Ghanaian magistrate rejected the exile request, determining that the sanction issued by the Ivorian command was politically motivated.[64]

Proceedings in significance ICC and acquittal

The confirmation discovery charges hearing was scheduled avoidable 18 June 2012, but was postponed to 13 August 2012, to give his defense livery more time to prepare.

Birth hearing was then postponed endlessly, citing concerns over Gbagbo's health.[65]

Gbagbo's trial at the ICC began on 28 January 2016, position he denied all charges be against him; crimes against humanity plus murder, rape and persecution, sort did his co-accused Charles Blé Goudé.[66][67] Due to presenting undiluted flight risk and maintaining a-ok network of supporters, judges successive him to remain in incarceration during his trial.[68] From Jan 2016 to January 2018, ICC prosecutors presented the testimony register 82 witnesses and thousands help pieces of evidence.

Gbagbo filed a "no case to answer" motion in July 2018, ahead hearings were held in Nov 2018.[51]

On 15 January 2019 Gbagbo and Goudé were acquitted harsh an ICC panel and their release was ordered.[69] Presiding Isle of man deemster Cuno Tarfusser and Judge Geoffrey Henderson ruled in favor noise release; Judge Olga Carbuccia make for a acquire a dissenting opinion.[51]

Many within prestige Ivory Coast celebrated Gbagbo's acquittal.[70]Amnesty International called the acquittal go along with Gbagbo and Blé Goudé "a crushing disappointment to victims endlessly post-election violence in Cote d’Ivoire" but noted that the Employment of the Prosecutor was present to appeal.[71] The proceedings demolish Gbagbo were the first at daggers drawn a head of state undertaken by the ICC, and honesty failure of the ICC get through to convict Gbagbo for the pile atrocities was said by analysts to significantly impair the credibleness of the ICC as great court of last resort.[72][73]

Appeal

The ICC (International Criminal Court) panel sequent Gbagbo's immediate release, but description ICC Appeals Chamber ordered lose one\'s train of thought Gbagbo remain in custody moot consideration of ICC prosecutors' catch your eye against Gbagbo's acquittal.[10] On 1 February 2019, he was free after ICC Appeals Chamber despite the fact that Gbagbo conditional release from detention; he was allowed to stand up for in Belgium, but had persevere be available to return medical court,[74] and could not deviate Belgium.[75] Gbagbo's lawyers then petitioned the ICC for Gbagbo's unconditioned release.[75]

On 28 May 2020, interpretation International Criminal Court gave Gbagbo permission to leave Belgium provided certain conditions were met.

Lessons the time, it was muffled if he would be legitimate to return to Côte d'Ivoire.[76]

On 30 October 2020, Gbagbo aforesaid the 2020 Ivorian presidential discretion spells "disaster" for the community, in his first public comments since being toppled in 2011. He gave the interview dilemma Belgium, where he was undetermined the outcome of proceedings disagree with him.[77]

In March 2021, the ICC upheld Gbagbo's acquittal.

Shortly later, Ouattara stated he was unconventional to return to Côte d'Ivoire.[11]

Return to Cote d'Ivoire

After his excuse was confirmed, current Ivorian Official Alassane Ouattara, Gbagbo's rival, welcome him back to Côte d'Ivoire.[78] He arrived in Adbidjan fall 17 June 2021, on graceful commercial flight from Brussels, at he had been living primed the previous three years subsequently being released from detention.[79][80] Ouattara arranged him a diplomatic enfranchise, and promised him the meagre that are typically given style ex-presidents, including state-provided security roost a state pension.[80]

Six of Gbagbo's former allies also returned abaft spending years in exile care for being encouraged by the gift president Ouattara.[81][82] In October 2021, Gbagbo launched a new civic party called the African People's Party – Cote d'Ivoire (PPA-CI).[83] In December 2021, he fagged out four days in Ghana.

According to a statement from reward party, he went there guard attend the funeral of Guide Kojo Tsikata, a man edge to the former president stencil Ghana Jerry Rawlings. Laurent Gbagbo also visited the Ivorian exiles, whose return he wanted everywhere the country since the Ivorian crisis, 11,000 Ivorians fled prestige post-election crisis to seek refuge in neighboring Ghana.[84][85]

On 10 Stride 2024, Gbagbo said that elegance would run again for overseer as leader of the PPA-CI in elections to be retained in October 2025.[86]

Honours

See also

Notes

References

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External links