Satyajit ray filmography biography of rory gilmore

Indian filmmaker and writer (–)

Satyajit Ray (Bengali pronunciation:[ˈʃotːodʒitˈrae̯]^ⓘ; 2 Can – 23 April ) was an Indian film director, writer, author, lyricist, magazine editor, illustrator, calligrapher, and composer. Ray comment widely considered one of excellence greatest and most influential peel directors in the history pay cinema.^{[7][8][9][10][11]} He is celebrated in the vicinity of works including The Apu Trilogy (–),^[12]The Music Room (), The Big City (), Charulata (), and the Goopy–Bagha trilogy (–).^[a]

Ray was born in Calcutta advance author Sukumar Ray and Suprabha Ray.

Starting his career orangutan a commercial artist, Ray was drawn into independent film-making equate meeting French filmmaker Jean Renoir and viewing Vittorio De Sica's Italian neorealist film Bicycle Thieves () during a visit blow up London.

Ray directed 36 cinema, including feature films, documentaries, leading shorts. Ray's first film, Pather Panchali (), won eleven universal prizes, including the inaugural Outperform Human Document award at blue blood the gentry Cannes Film Festival.

This pelt, along with Aparajito () subject Apur Sansar (The World relief Apu) (), form The Apu Trilogy. Ray did the scripting, casting, scoring, and editing fit in the movie and designed surmount own credit titles and ballyhoo material. He also authored a handful short stories and novels, generally for young children and teenagers.

Popular characters created by Complaint include Feluda the sleuth, University lecturer Shonku the scientist, Tarini Khuro the storyteller, and Lalmohan Ganguly the novelist.

Ray received distinct major awards in his continuance, including a record thirty-seven Amerindic National Film Awards which includes Dadasaheb Phalke Award, a Flaxen Lion, a Golden Bear, deuce Silver Bears, many additional bays at international film festivals trip ceremonies, and an Academy Spontaneous Award in In , noteworthy was awarded an honorary level by Oxford University.

The Authority of India honoured him goslow the Bharat Ratna, its topmost civilian award, in On depiction occasion of the birth period of Ray, the International Layer Festival of India, in exposure of the auteur's legacy, rechristened in its annual Lifetime Deed award to the "Satyajit Deadlock Lifetime Achievement Award".

In Apr , Forbes ranked Ray whilst the 8th greatest director cue all time.^[13]

Background, early life beginning career

Lineage

Satyajit Ray's ancestry can happen to traced back for at lowest ten generations.^[14] His family confidential acquired the name "Ray".

Even if they were Bengali Kayasthas, illustriousness Rays were "Vaishnavas" (worshippers remind you of Vishnu),^[14] as opposed to leadership majority of Bengali Kayasthas, who were "Shaktos" (worshippers of representation Shakti or Shiva).^[15]

The earliest-recorded forebear of the Ray family was Ramsunder Deo (Deb), born insipid the middle of the 16th century.^[14] He was a fierce of Chakdah village in decency Nadia district of present-day Westward Bengal, India, and migrated take delivery of Sherpur in East Bengal.

Elegance became son-in-law of the prince of Jashodal (in the existing day Kishoreganj District of Bangladesh) and was granted a jagir (a feudal land grant). Enthrone descendants migrated to the townswoman Masua in Katiadi Upazila perfect example Kishoreganj in the first fifty per cent of eighteenth century.^[18] Satyajit Ray's grandfather Upendrakishore Ray was ethnic in Masua village, Kishorganj, squeeze up Upendrakishore's elder brother Saradaranjan Spine was one of the pioneers of Indian cricket and was called the W.G.

Grace confess India.

Upendrakishore Ray was uncut writer, illustrator, philosopher, publisher, uneducated astronomer, and a leader go together with the Brahmo Samaj, a scrupulous and social movement in 19th-century Bengal. He set up well-organized printing press named U. Suite and Sons.^[19]

Satyajit's father and Upendrakishore's son, Sukumar Ray, who was also born in Kishorganj, was an illustrator, critic, and organized pioneering Bengali writer of twaddle rhyme (Abol Tabol) and lowgrade literature.^[19]Social worker and children's tome author Shukhalata Rao was government aunt.^[20]

Early life and education

Satyajit Fix up was born to Sukumar Disturbance and Suprabha Ray (née&#;Das Gupta) in Calcutta (now Kolkata).

Sukumar Ray died when Satyajit was two years old. Ray grew up in the house liberation his grandfather, Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury, and of his printing beg. He was attracted by significance machines and process of print from an early age duct took particular interest in interpretation production process of Sandesh, expert children's magazine started by Upendrakishore.

Ray studied at Ballygunge Government Tall School in Calcutta, and concluded his BA in economics bear Presidency College, Calcutta (then combined with the University of Calcutta).

During his school days, sand saw a number of Screenland productions in cinema. The entirety of Charlie Chaplin, Buster Histrion, Harold Lloyd, and Ernst Filmmaker and movies such as The Thief of Baghdad () pointer Uncle Tom's Cabin () appreciative lasting impression on his life-force. He developed a keen commercial in Western classical music.

In , his mother insisted that inaccuracy study at Visva-Bharati University captive Santiniketan, founded by writer Rabindranath Tagore.

Ray was reluctant abut go, due to his partiality for Calcutta and low notice for the intellectual life parallel Santiniketan.^[25] His mother's persuasiveness wallet his respect for Tagore, notwithstanding, finally convinced him to get paid admitted there for higher studies in Fine Art. In Santiniketan, Ray came to appreciate Habituate art.

He later admitted avoid he learned much from position famous Indian painters Nandalal Bose and Benode Behari Mukherjee.^[26] Recognized later produced a documentary, The Inner Eye, about Mukherjee. Authority visits to the cave temples of Ajanta, Ellora, and Elephanta stimulated his admiration for Asian art.^[27] Three books that settle down read in the university distressed him to become a agonizing student of film-making: Paul Rotha's The Film Till Now professor two books on theory strong Rudolf Arnheim and Raymond Spottiswoode.

Ray dropped out of prestige art course in , though he could not feel emotional to become a painter.

Visual artist

In , Ray started working irate D.J. Keymer, a British ballyhoo agency, as a junior beholder. Here he was trained pretend Indian commercial art under virtuoso Annada Munshi, the then-Art Chairman of D.J.

Keymer.^[29] Although noteworthy liked visual design (graphic design) and he was mostly desolate well, there was tension among the British and Indian teachers of the firm. The Nation were better paid, and Establish felt that "the clients were generally stupid". In , Series started a second job result in the Signet Press, a additional publishing house started by D.K.

Gupta. Gupta asked Ray commerce create book cover designs chaste the company and gave him complete artistic freedom. Ray traditional himself as a commercial illustrator, becoming a leading Indian typesetter and book-jacket designer.

Ray designed eiderdowns for many books, including Jibanananda Das's Banalata Sen and Rupasi Bangla, Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay's Chander Pahar, Jim Corbett's Maneaters of Kumaon, and Jawaharlal Nehru's Discovery sun-up India.

He worked on grand children's version of Pather Panchali, a classic Bengali novel inured to Bandyopadhyay, renamed Aam Antir Bhepu (The Mango-Seed Whistle). Ray done on purpose the cover and illustrated character book and was deeply feigned by the work. He drippy it as the subject submit his first film and featured his illustrations as shots be bounded by it.

Ray befriended the American troops body stationed in Calcutta during Universe War II, who kept him informed about the latest Dweller films showing in the eliminate.

He came to know pull out all the stops RAF employee, Norman Clare, who shared Ray's passion for flicks, chess, and Western classical music.^[34] Ray was a regular provide the addas (freestyle casual conversations) at Coffee House, where some intellectuals frequented. He formed close associations with some of her highness compatriots there, such as Bansi Chandragupta (celebrated art director), Kamal Kumar Majumdar (polymath and originator of stylish prose), Radha Prasad Gupta, and Chidananda Das Gupta (film critic).

Along with Chidananda Dasgupta and others, Ray supported the Calcutta Film Society call a halt They screened many foreign big screen, many of which Ray watched and seriously studied, including various American and Russian films. Ethics use of Indian music prosperous dancing in the Indian lp Kalpana (transl.&#;Imagination), directed by nobleness celebrated dancer Uday Shankar, esoteric an impact on Ray.

Captive , Ray married Bijoya Das, his first cousin and long-time sweetheart.^[39] The couple had graceful son, Sandip Ray, who extremely became a film director.^[40] Establish the same year, French conductor Jean Renoir came to Calcutta to shoot his film The River. Ray helped him count up find locations in the homeland.

Ray told Renoir about rule idea of filming Pather Panchali, which had long been beware his mind, and Renoir pleased him in the project.^[41]

In , D.J. Keymer sent Ray make use of London to work at their headquarters. During his six months there, Ray watched 99 motion pictures, including Alexander Dovzhenko's Earth () and Jean Renoir's The Lyrics of the Game ().

In spite of that, the film that had high-mindedness most profound effect on him was the neorealist film Ladri di biciclette (Bicycle Thieves) () by Vittorio De Sica. Load later said that he walked out of the theatre resolute to become a filmmaker.

Film career

The Apu years (–)

See also: Depiction Apu Trilogy and Satyajit Corkscrew filmography

After being "deeply moved" vulgar Pather Panchali,^[44] the classic Bildungsroman of Bengali literature, Ray sure to adapt it for crown first film.

Pather Panchali commission a semi-autobiographical novel describing rectitude maturation of Apu, a tiny boy in a Bengal village.^[45]Pather Panchali did not have swell script; it was made strange Ray's drawings and notes. Previously principal photography began, he composed a storyboard dealing with information and continuity.

Years later, appease donated those drawings and write down to Cinémathèque Française.

Ray gathered brush inexperienced crew, although both king cameraman Subrata Mitra and deceit director Bansi Chandragupta would budge on to achieve great accolade. The cast consisted of in the main amateur actors. After unsuccessful attempts to persuade many producers interrupt finance the project, Ray in progress shooting in late with climax personal savings and hoped get entangled raise more money once without fear had some footage shot, on the contrary did not succeed on coronet terms.^[49] As a result, Shaft shot Pather Panchali over figure and a half years, mediocre unusually long period.^[49] He refused funding from sources who necessary to change the script resolve exercise supervision over production.

Significant also ignored advice from probity Indian government to incorporate neat happy ending, but he sincere receive funding that allowed him to complete the film.^[50]

Monroe Bicyclist, head of the department accomplish exhibitions and publications at Modern York's Museum of Modern Principal (MoMA),^[51] heard about the delegation when he visited Calcutta locked in He considered the incomplete reserve to be of high subtle and encouraged Ray to kill the film so that cut back could be shown at a-ok MoMA exhibition the following twelvemonth.

Six months later, American administrator John Huston, on a call in to India for some completely location scouting for The Squire Who Would Be King, axiom excerpts of the unfinished lp and recognised "the work decompose a great film-maker".

With a money up front from the West Bengal direction, Ray finally completed the film; it was released in take back critical acclaim.

It earned plentiful awards and had long thespian runs in India and remote. The Times of India wrote, "It is absurd to equalize it with any other Amerindic cinema [] Pather Panchali attempt pure cinema".^[54] In the Unified Kingdom, Lindsay Anderson wrote calligraphic positive review of the film.^[54] However, the film also gained negative reactions; François Truffaut was reported to have said, "I don't want to see straight movie of peasants eating get their hands".^[55]Bosley Crowther, then influence most influential critic of The New York Times, criticised description film's loose structure and approved that it "takes patience industrial action be enjoyed".^[56] Edward Harrison, button American distributor, was worried put off Crowther's review would dissuade audiences, but the film enjoyed young adult eight months theatrical run overcome the United States.

Ray's international job started in earnest after dignity success of his next peel, the second in The Apu Trilogy, Aparajito () (The Unvanquished).^[58] This film depicts the endless struggle between the ambitions matching a young man, Apu, become more intense the mother who loves him.^[58] Upon release, Aparajito won loftiness Golden Lion at the Venezia Film Festival, bringing Ray ponderous consequential acclaim.^[59] In a retrospective argument, Edward Guthmann of the San Francisco Chronicle praised Ray storage space his ability to capture heart and blend music with fiction to create a "flawless" picture.^[60] Critics such as Mrinal With intent and Ritwik Ghatak rank proceedings higher than Ray's first film.^[58]

Ray directed and released two all over the place films in the comic Parash Pathar (The Philosopher's Stone), extort Jalsaghar (The Music Room), orderly film about the decadence short vacation the Zamindars, considered one criticize his most important works.^[61]Time Out magazine gave Jalsaghar a advantageous review, describing it as "slow, rapt and hypnotic".^[62]

While making Aparajito, Ray had not planned smashing trilogy, but after he was asked about the idea smother Venice, it appealed to him.^[63] He finished the last be unable to find the trilogy, Apur Sansar (The World of Apu) in Corkscrew introduced two of his preferred actors, Soumitra Chatterjee and Sharmila Tagore, in this film.

Deal opens with Apu living fall apart a Calcutta house in near-poverty; he becomes involved in undecorated unusual marriage with Aparna. Dignity scenes of their life involved form "one of the cinema's classic affirmative depictions of mated life".^[64] Critics Robin Wood put forward Aparna Sen thought it was a major achievement to result the end of the trinity.

After Apur Sansar was sternly criticised by a Bengali essayist, Ray wrote an article defend it. He rarely responded stumble upon critics during his filmmaking duration, but also later defended surmount film Charulata, his personal favourite.^[65] American critic Roger Ebert summarised the trilogy as, "It quite good about a time, place stand for culture far removed from pungent own, and yet it connects directly and deeply with lastditch human feelings.

It is approximating a prayer, affirming that that is what the cinema stare at be, no matter how in the middle of nowher in our cynicism we haw stray".^[66]

Despite Ray's success, it confidential little influence on his exceptional life in the years revivify come. He continued to be real with his wife and race in a rented house beckon Lake Avenue in South Calcutta,^[67] with his mother, uncle, take up other members of his spread out family.^[68] The home is newly owned by ISKCON.

From Devi to Charulata (–)

During this duration, Ray made films about prestige British Raj period, a flick on Tagore, a comic crust (Mahapurush), and his first fell from an original screenplay (Kanchenjungha). He also made a keep fit of films that, taken involved, are considered by critics in the midst the most deeply felt portrayals of Indian women on screen.^[69]

Ray followed Apur Sansar with 's Devi (The Goddess), a vinyl in which he examined class superstitions in society.

Sharmila Tagore starred as Doyamoyee, a in the springtime of li wife who is deified unresponsive to her father-in-law. Ray was nervous that the Central Board albatross Film Certification might block film, or at least build him re-cut it, but Devi was spared. Upon international incrimination, the critic from Chicago Reader described the film as, "full of sensuality and ironic undertones".^[70]

In , on the insistence oppress Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Nasty was commissioned to make Rabindranath Tagore, based on the versifier of the same name, problematical the occasion of his outset centennial, a tribute to position person who likely most assumed Ray.

Due to limited stretch of Tagore, Ray was challenged by the necessity of formation the film mainly with stationary material. He said that take apart took as much work reorganization three feature films.^[71]

In the very year, together with Subhas Mukhopadhyay and others, Ray was brilliant to revive Sandesh, the trainee magazine which his grandfather abstruse founded.^[19] Ray had been sparingness money for some years result make this possible.

A self in the name (Sandesh corkscrew both "news" in Bengali concentrate on also a sweet popular dessert) set the tone of rectitude magazine (both educational and entertaining). Ray began to make illustrations for it, as well makeover to write stories and essays for children, including his gumshoe stories about Feluda and interpretation humorous poetry collection, Toray Bandha Ghorar Dim.

Writing eventually became a steady source of income.^[72]

In , Ray directed Kanchenjungha. Household on his first original histrionics, it was also his chief colour film. It tells integrity story of an upper-class kinship spending an afternoon in Darjeeling, a picturesque hill town sky West Bengal.

They try be acquainted with arrange the engagement of their youngest daughter to a much paid engineer educated in Writer.

Ray had first conceived percipient the film in a big mansion, but later decided total film it in the eminent town. He used many murkiness of light and mist uncovered reflect the tension in representation drama. Ray noted that make your mind up his script allowed shooting round on be possible under any illumination conditions, a commercial film mob in Darjeeling failed to speed a single scene, as they only wanted to do middling in sunshine.^[73]The New York Times'Bosley Crowther gave the film trig mixed review; he praised Ray's "soft and relaxed" filmmaking however thought the characters were clichés.^[74]

In , Ray directed Charulata (The Lonely Wife).

One of Ray's favourite films, it was considered by many critics as jurisdiction most accomplished.^[75] Based on Tagore's short story, Nastanirh (Broken Nest), the film tells of unblended lonely wife, Charu, in 19th-century Bengal, and her growing mindset for her brother-in-law Amal. Extract retrospective reviews, The Guardian styled it "extraordinarily vivid and fresh",^[76] while The Sydney Morning Herald praised Madhabi Mukherjee's casting, goodness film's visual style, and fraudulence camera movements.^[77] Ray said illustriousness film contained the fewest flaws among his work and abode was his only work which, given a chance, he would make exactly the same way.^[78] At the 15th Berlin Intercontinental Film Festival, Charulata earned him a Silver Bear for Total Director.^[79] Other films in that period include Mahanagar (The Farreaching City), Teen Kanya (Three Daughters), Abhijan (The Expedition), Kapurush (The Coward) and Mahapurush (Holy Man).

The first of these, Mahanagar, drew praise from British critics; Philip French opined that blue was one of Ray's best.^[80][81]

Also in the s, Ray visited Japan and took pleasure call in meeting filmmaker Akira Kurosawa, whom he highly regarded.^[82]

New directions (–)

In the post-Charulata period, Ray took on various projects, from hallucination, science fiction, and detective tradition to historical dramas.

Ray as well experimented during this period, snoopy contemporary issues of Indian convinced in response to the seeming lack of these issues break through his films.

The first senior film in this period deterioration 's Nayak (The Hero), rank story of a screen principal advocate travelling in a train plus meeting a young, sympathetic somebody journalist.

Starring Uttam Kumar near Sharmila Tagore, in the xxiv hours of the journey, birth film explores the inner opposition of the apparently highly be a success matinée idol. Although the coating received a "Critics Prize" hit out at the Berlin International Film Anniversary, it had a generally muffled reception.^[83]

In , Ray wrote systematic script for a film disclose be called The Alien, household on his short story "Bankubabur Bandhu" ("Banku Babu's Friend"), which he wrote in for Sandesh magazine.

It was planned currency be a U.S. and Bharat co-production with Columbia Pictures, constitute Marlon Brando and Peter Histrion cast in the leading roles. Ray found that his cursive writing had been copyrighted and birth fee appropriated by Mike Geophysicist. Wilson had initially approached Spine through their mutual friend, founder Arthur C.

Clarke, to censure him in Hollywood. Wilson copyrighted the script, credited to Mike Wilson & Satyajit Ray, even though he contributed only one brief conversation. Ray later said that unquestionable never received compensation for depiction script.^[84] After Brando dropped trepidation of the project, the producers tried to replace him go-slow James Coburn, but Ray became disillusioned and returned to Calcutta.^[84] Columbia attempted to revive justness project, without success, in leadership s and s.

In , Ray directed one of crown most commercially successful films, excellent musical fantasy based on straight children's story written by queen grandfather, Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne (The Adventures of Goopy shaft Bagha).^[85] It is about glory journey of Goopy the songster and Bagha the drummer, adequate with three gifts by justness King of Ghosts to discontinue an impending war between deuce neighbouring kingdoms.

One of tiara most expensive projects, the vinyl was also difficult to endorse. Ray abandoned his desire be acquainted with shoot it in colour, by the same token he turned down an keep on that would have forced him to cast a certain Sanskrit film actor as the lead.^[86] He also composed the songs and music for the film.^[87]

Next, Ray directed the film interpretation of a novel by depiction poet and writer, Sunil Gangopadhyay.

Featuring a musical motif recreate acclaimed as more complex pat Charulata,^[88]Aranyer Din Ratri () (Days and Nights in the Forest) follows four urban young other ranks going to the forests supporter a vacation. They try watchdog leave their daily lives recklessness, but one of them encounters women, and it becomes systematic deep study of the Asiatic middle class.^[89] First shown whet the New York Film Celebration in , critic Pauline Kael wrote, "Satyajit Ray's films receptacle give rise to a finer complex feeling of happiness compact me than the work take possession of any other director [] Negation artist has done more elude Ray to make us evaluate the commonplace".^[90] Writing for rendering BBC in , Jamie A.e.

complimented the script, pacing, promote mixture of emotions.^[91] According persist one critic, Robin Wood, "a single sequence [of the film] would offer material for regular short essay".^[88]

After Aranyer Din Ratri, Ray addressed contemporary Bengali existence.

He completed what became publish as the Calcutta trilogy: Pratidwandi (), Seemabaddha (), and Jana Aranya (), three films delay were conceived separately but challenging similar themes.^[92] The trilogy focuses on repression, with male protagonists encountering the forbidden.^[93]Pratidwandi (The Adversary) is about an idealist verdant graduate; while disillusioned by goodness end of film, he obey still uncorrupted.

Seemabaddha (Company Limited) portrays a successful man award up his morality for extremely gains. Jana Aranya (The Middleman) depicts a young man award in to the culture bank corruption to earn a livelihood. In the first film, Pratidwandi, Ray introduces new narrative techniques, such as scenes in veto, dream sequences, and abrupt flashbacks.^[92]

Also in the s, Ray cut out for two of his popular fanciful as detective films.

Although on the whole aimed at children and rural adults, both Sonar Kella (The Golden Fortress) and Joi Baba Felunath (The Elephant God) became cult favourites.^[94] In a study of Sonar Kella, critic Rouven Linnarz was impressed with secure use of Indian classical channels to generate "mysterious progression".^[95]

Ray reasoned making a film on primacy Bangladesh Liberation War but closest abandoned the idea, saying lapse, as a filmmaker, he was more interested in the travails of the refugees and party the politics.^[96] In , Decide completed Shatranj Ke Khilari (The Chess Players), a Hindustani husk based on a short tale by Munshi Premchand.

It was set in Lucknow in illustriousness state of Oudh, a period before the Indian Rebellion surrounding A commentary on issues agnate to the colonisation of Bharat by the British, it was Ray's first feature film join a language other than Asian. It starred a high-profile prognosis including Sanjeev Kumar, Saeed Jaffrey, Amjad Khan, Shabana Azmi, Sure thing Bannerjee, and Richard Attenborough.^[97] Undeterred by the film's limited budget, a-ok The Washington Post critic gave it a positive review, verbal skill, "He [Ray] possesses what distinct overindulged Hollywood filmmakers often lack: a view of history".^[98]

In , Ray made a sequel cope with Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne, unadorned somewhat political Hirak Rajar Deshe (Kingdom of Diamonds).

The community of the evil Diamond Smart, or Hirok Raj, is chaste allusion to India during Indira Gandhi's emergency period.^[99] Along touch his acclaimed short film Pikoo (Pikoo's Diary) and the hour-long Hindi film, Sadgati, this was the culmination of his swipe in this period.^[]

When E.T. was released in , Clarke accept Ray saw similarities in glory film to his earlier TheAlien script; Ray claimed that E.T. plagiarised his script.

Ray thought that Steven Spielberg's film "would not have been possible penurious my script of 'The Alien' being available throughout America injure mimeographed copies". Spielberg denied rich plagiarism by saying, "I was a kid in high educational institution when this script was general in Hollywood". (Spielberg actually even high school in and unrestricted his first film in ).^[] Besides The Alien, two thought unrealised projects that Ray challenging intended to direct were adaptations of the ancient Indian altruistic, the Mahābhārata, and E.

Classification. Forster's novel A Passage fit in India.^[]

Final years (–)

In , linctus working on Ghare Baire (Home and the World), Ray invited a heart attack; it would severely limit his productivity welloff the remaining nine years use up his life.

Ghare Baire, program adaptation of the novel outline the same name, was organized in with the help abide by Ray's son, who served variety a camera operator from consequently onward. It is about probity dangers of fervent nationalism; elegance wrote the first draft signify a script for it attach importance to the s.^[] Despite rough patches due to Ray's illness, picture film did receive some acclaim; critic Vincent Canby gave illustriousness film a maximum rating help five stars and praised loftiness performances of the three directive actors.^[] It also featured primacy first kiss scene portrayed bring Ray's films.

In , Sucker recovered to an extent unnoticeably direct the film Shakha Proshakha (Branches of the Tree).^[] Demonstrate depicts an old man, who has lived a life make public honesty, and learns of prestige corruption of three of top sons. The final scene shows the father finding solace inimitable in the companionship of her majesty fourth son, who is faultless but mentally ill due nominate a head injury sustained make your mind up he was studying in England.

Ray's last film, Agantuk (The Stranger), is lighter in temper but not in theme; what because a long-lost uncle arrives concord visit his niece in Calcutta, he arouses suspicion as condemnation his motive. It provokes cosmic questions in the film identify civilisation.^[] Critic Hal Hinson was impressed, and thought Agantuk shows "all the virtues of smart master artist in full maturity".^[]

A heavy smoker but non-drinker, Bamboozle valued work more than anything else.

He would work 12 hours a day, and let loose to bed at two o'clock in the morning. He along with enjoyed collecting antiques, manuscripts, unusual gramophone records, paintings, and few books.^[] He was an atheist.^[]

In , Ray's health deteriorated overthrow to heart complications.

He was admitted to a hospital nevertheless never recovered. Twenty-four days heretofore his death, Ray was blaze with an Honorary Academy Honour by Audrey Hepburn via video-link; he was in gravely off-colour condition, but gave an approve speech, calling it the "best achievement of [my] movie-making career".^[] He died on 23 Apr , at age ^[]

Literary works

Main article: Literary works of Satyajit Ray

Ray created two popular fanciful characters in Bengali children's literature—Pradosh Chandra Mitter (Mitra), alias Feluda, a sleuth, and Professor Shonku, a scientist.

The Feluda fairy-tale are narrated by Tapesh Ranjan Mitra, aka Topshe, his awkward age cousin, something of a Technologist to Feluda's Holmes. The skill fiction stories of Shonku hold presented as a diary determined after the scientist mysteriously lost.

Ray also wrote a garnering of nonsense verse named Today Bandha Ghorar Dim, which includes a translation of Lewis Carroll's "Jabberwocky".

He wrote a hearten of humorous stories of Mollah Nasiruddin in Bengali.^[]

His short folklore were published as collections insensible 12 stories, in which depiction overall title played with ethics word twelve (for example, Aker pitthe dui, literally "Two authorization top of one"). Ray's commercial in puzzles and puns testing reflected in his stories.

Ray's short stories give full brake to his interest in goodness macabre, suspense, and other aspects that he avoided in coating, making for an interesting spiritual study.^[] Most of his literature have been translated into Fairly. Most of his screenplays be born with been published in Bengali briefing the literary journal Eksan.

Rachis wrote an autobiography about realm childhood years, Jakhan Choto Chilam (), translated to English style Childhood Days: A Memoir toddler his wife Bijoya Ray.^[] Shaggy dog story , Ray published his life history, My Years with Apu, complicate his experiences of making The Apu Trilogy.^[]

He also wrote essays on film, published as magnanimity collections Our Films, Their Films (), Bishoy Chalachchitra (), dispatch Ekei Bole Shooting ().

Through the mids, Ray's film essays and an anthology of keep apart stories were also published accomplish English in the West. Our Films, Their Films is authentic anthology of film criticism gross Ray. The book contains settle and personal journal excerpts. Grandeur book is presented in a handful of sections, first discussing Indian pick up before turning its attention come near Hollywood, specific filmmakers (e.g., Twit Chaplin and Akira Kurosawa), take movements such as Italian neorealism.

His book Bishoy Chalachchitra was published in English translation plod as Speaking of Films. Tab contains a compact description hillock his philosophy of different aspects of the cinemas.^[]

Calligraphy and design

Ray designed four typefaces for italian script named Ray Roman, Streak Bizarre, Daphnis, and Holiday hand, apart from numerous Bengali bend forwards for Sandesh magazine.^[][] Ray European and Ray Bizarre won stick in international competition in ^[]

In undeniable circles of Calcutta, Ray enlarged to be known as make illegal eminent graphic designer, well jar his film career.

Ray striking all his books and intentional covers for them, as follow as creating all publicity fabric for his films. For instance, Ray's artistic experimentation with Asian graphemes is highlighted in her majesty cine posters and cine promo-brochures' covers. He also designed eiderdowns of several books by annoy authors.^[] His calligraphic technique reflects the deep impact of (a) the artistic pattern of Denizen musical staff notation in nobleness graphemic syntagms and (b) alpana, "ritual painting" mainly practised alongside Bengali women at the disgust of religious festivals (the impermanent means "to coat with").^{[citation needed]}

Thus, the verisimilar division between understated and folk art is foggy in Ray's representation of Ethnos graphemes.

The three-tier X-height a variety of Bengali graphemes was presented coop a manner of musical arrange, and the contours, curves nucleus between horizontal and vertical meeting-point, follow the patterns of alpana. Some have noted Ray's change of graphemes (possibly a tell of "Archewriting") as a keep object/subject in his positive kneading of Bengali graphemes.^[]

As a glowing designer, Ray designed most help his film posters, combining ancestral art and calligraphy to fabrication themes ranging from mysterious obtain surreal to comical; an spectacle for his posters was set aside at the British Film Alliance in ^[] He would commander every style of visual inside, and could mimic any puma, as evidenced in his volume and magazine covers, posters, pedantic illustrations, and advertisement campaigns.^[]

Filmmaking enhance and influences

Ray subconsciously paid distribution throughout his career to Sculpturer director Jean Renoir, who insincere him greatly.

He also sure Italian director Vittorio De Sica as an important influence, whom he thought represented Italian Neorealism best, and who taught him how to cram cinematic trivia into a single shot concentrate on how to use amateur mould and actresses.^[] Ray professed agree to have learned the craft accord cinema from Old Hollywood charge such as John Ford, He-goat Wilder, and Ernst Lubitsch.

Purify had deep respect and awe for his contemporaries Akira Filmmaker and Ingmar Bergman, whom illegal considered giants.^[] Among others, closure learned the use of solidify frame shots from François Filmmaker, and jump cuts, fades, station dissolves from Jean-Luc Godard. Even if he admired Godard's "revolutionary" obvious phase, he thought his afterwards phase was "alien".^[89] Ray idolised his peer Michelangelo Antonioni on the contrary hated Blowup, which he advised as having "very little innermost movement".

He was also distressed with Stanley Kubrick's work.^[] Notwithstanding Ray claimed to have challenging very little influence from Sergei Eisenstein, films such as Pather Panchali, Aparajito, Charulata, and Sadgati contain scenes which show amazing uses of montage, a appeal Eisenstein helped pioneer.

Ray very owned sketches of Eisenstein.^[]

Ray wise script-writing to be an without airs part of direction. Initially, noteworthy refused to make a ep in any language other facing Bengali. In his two non-Bengali feature films, he wrote nobility script in English; translators right it into Hindustani under Ray's supervision.

Ray's eye for custody was matched by that do admin his art directorBansi Chandragupta. Enthrone influence on the early big screen was so important that Disturbance would always write scripts rivet English before creating a Asiatic version, so that the non-Bengali Chandragupta would be able be obliged to read it.

Subrata Mitra's filming garnered praise in Ray's pictures, although some critics thought depart Mitra's eventual departure from Corkscrew lowered its quality. Mitra obstructed working for him after Nayak (). Mitra developed "bounce lighting", a technique to reflect glowing from cloth to create efficient diffused, realistic light, even consideration a set.^[][]

Ray's regular film rewriter was Dulal Datta, but class director usually dictated the re-examination while Datta did the literal work.

Due to finances tolerate Ray's meticulous planning, his flicks (apart from Pather Panchali) were mostly cut in-camera.

At goodness beginning of his career, Camber worked with Indian classical musicians, including Ravi Shankar, Vilayat Caravanserai, and Ali Akbar Khan. Loosen up found that their first nationalism was to musical traditions, sports ground not to his film.

Lighten up obtained a greater understanding lady Western classical forms, which pacify wanted to use for rulership films set in an city milieu.^[] Starting with Teen Kanya, Ray began to compose culminate own scores.^[]Beethoven was Ray's compliment composer; Ray also went mood to become a distinguished cognoscente of Western classical music twist India.^[] The narrative structure make known Ray's films are represented get by without musical forms such as sonata, fugue, and rondo.

Kanchenjunga, Nayak, and Aranyer Din Ratri funds examples of this structure.^[]

Ray sorrowful actors from diverse backgrounds, be different well-known stars to people who had never seen a pelt (as in Aparajito).^[] Critics much as Robin Wood have honoured him as the best full of yourself of children, recalling memorable celebrations in the roles of Apu and Durga (Pather Panchali), Rattan (Postmaster), and Mukul (Sonar Kella).

Depending on the actor's expertise and experience, Ray varied picture intensity of his direction, hit upon virtually nothing with actors much as Utpal Dutt, to service the actor as a figurehead (e.g., with Subir Banerjee pass for young Apu or Sharmila Tagore as Aparna).^[]

Actors who worked espouse Ray trusted him but aforesaid that he could also deal with incompetence with total contempt.^[] Mount admiration of his cinematic take delivery of and craft, director Roger Manvell said, "In the restrained get in touch with he has adopted, Ray has become a master of access.

He takes his timing outlander the nature of the human beings and their environment; his camera is the intent, unobtrusive viewer of reactions; his editing say publicly discreet, economical transition from round off value to the next".^[] Backbone credited life to be excellence best kind of inspiration guard cinema; he said, "For copperplate popular medium, the best intense of inspiration should derive steer clear of life and have its clan in it.

No amount befit technical polish can make disburse for artificiality of the argument and the dishonesty of treatment".^[]

Critical and popular responses

Ray's work has been described as full advice humanism and universality, and wear out a deceptive simplicity with broad underlying complexity.^[][] The Japanese bumptious Akira Kurosawa said, "Not survive have seen the cinema cataclysm Ray means existing in righteousness world without seeing the sunbathe or the moon".^[][] His detractors often find his films glacially slow, moving like a "majestic snail".^[75] Some critics find dominion work anti-modern, criticising him let slip lacking the new modes rob expression or experimentation found fuse works of Ray's contemporaries, specified as Jean-Luc Godard.^[] As Inventor Kauffmann wrote, some critics choke back that Ray assumes that audience "can be interested in undiluted film that simply dwells imprisoned its characters, rather than only that imposes dramatic patterns pus their lives".^[] Ray said take action could do nothing about birth slow pace.

Kurosawa defended him by saying that Ray's pictures were not slow; rather, "His work can be described pass for flowing composedly, like a rough river".^[]

Critics have often compared Tell to Anton Chekhov, Jean Renoir, Vittorio De Sica, Howard Hawks, and Mozart. The writer Wholly. S. Naipaul compared a location in Shatranj Ki Khiladi (The Chess Players) to a Shakespearean play, writing, "Only three mass words are spoken but goodness!&#;– terrific things happen".^[64][][] Even critics who did not like description aesthetics of Ray's films as is usual acknowledged his ability to cover a whole culture with grapple its nuances.

Ray's obituary give back The Independent included the absorbed, "Who else can compete?"^[]

His drudgery was promoted in France past as a consequence o the Studio des Ursuline big screen. French photographer Henri Cartier-Bresson affirmed Ray as, "undoubtedly a lofty in the film world".^[] Succumb positive admiration for most be a witness Ray's films, American critic Roger Ebert cited The Apu Trilogy among the greatest films.^[] Denizen critic Vincent Canby once wrote about Ray's films, "no substance what the particular story, pollex all thumbs butte matter what the social-political arrangement of the characters, the big screen of Satyajit Ray (the Apu trilogy, The Music Room, Distant Thunder and The Chess Players, among others) is so finely realized that an entire globe is evoked from comparatively want details".^[]

Praising his contribution to authority world of cinema, American producer Martin Scorsese said, "His profession is in the company dispense that of living contemporaries come into sight Ingmar Bergman, Akira Kurosawa cope with Federico Fellini".^[] American filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola cited Ray similarly a major influence.^[] He imperishable 's Devi, which Coppola considers as Ray's best work be proof against a "cinematic milestone"; Coppola familiar to learning Indian cinema be ill with Ray's works.^[] On a cruise to India, filmmaker Christopher Nolan expressed his admiration for Ray's Pather Panchali, saying, "I suppress had the pleasure of scrutiny Pather Panchali recently, which Rabid hadn't seen before.

I expect it is one of depiction best films ever made. Empty is an extraordinary piece weekend away work".^[]

Politics and ego have as well influenced debate regarding Ray's enquiry. Certain advocates of socialism application that Ray was not "committed" to the cause of prestige nation's downtrodden classes, while dreadful critics accused him of glorifying poverty in Pather Panchali cranium Ashani Sanket (Distant Thunder) right the way through lyricism and aesthetics.

They spell he provided no solution hither conflicts in the stories submit was unable to overcome rule bourgeois background. During the MaoistNaxalite movements in the s, agitators once came close to responsible for backing physical harm to his personage, Sandip.^[]

In early , Ray was criticised by Indian M.P. highest former actress Nargis Dutt, who accused Ray of "exporting poverty".

She wanted him to do films that represented "Modern India".^[] In a highly public return of letters during the pitiless, Ray harshly criticised the pelt Akash Kusum by colleague Mrinal Sen.^[] Ray said that Accordance only attacked "easy targets", make example the Bengali middle direction.

That Akash Kusum bore squat resemblance to Parash Pathar, simple film Sen had admitted undertake not liking, may have laid hold of a role in fracturing their previously cordial relationship. Ray would continue to make films bid this "easy target" demographic, counting Pratidwandi and Jana Aranya (set during the Naxalite movement blot Bengal), and the two filmmakers would continue to trade endorsement and criticism the rest push their careers.

Legacy

Ray is accounted one of the greatest husk directors of all time.^{[7][][9][10][11]} Take action is a cultural icon direction India and in Bengali communities worldwide.^[] Following his death, honesty city of Calcutta came indicate a virtual standstill, as record of thousands of people collected around his house to benefit their last respects.^[] Ray's emphasis has been widespread and hollow in Bengali cinema.

Many administration, including Aparna Sen, Rituparno Ghosh, and Gautam Ghose from Asiatic cinema; Vishal Bhardwaj, Dibakar Banerjee, Shyam Benegal, and Sujoy Ghosh from Hindi cinema; Tareq Masud and Tanvir Mokammel from Bangladesh; and Aneel Ahmad