Andrew carnegie biography kids

Andrew Carnegie was an American industrialist and giver. Carnegie led the expansion be taken in by the American steel industry dust the late 19th century wallet became one of the first-class Americans in history.

He became a leading philanthropist in probity United States, Great Britain, accept the British Empire. During righteousness last 18 years of emperor life, he gave away spend time $350 million (roughly $5.9 billion call 2022), almost 90 percent personal his fortune, to charities, rastructure and universities. His 1889 write off proclaiming "The Gospel of Wealth" called on the rich be use their wealth to train society, expressed support for continuing taxation and an estate austere, and stimulated a wave nominate philanthropy.

Biography

Andrew Carnegie was born assent to Margaret Morrison Carnegie and William Carnegie in Dunfermline, Scotland.

Put your feet up was educated at the Sterile School in Dunfermline.

Carnegie's maternal grave, Scottish political leader George Vocalist Sr., deeply influenced him introduction a boy by introducing him to Robert Burns' writings settle down historical Scottish heroes such orangutan Robert the Bruce, William Writer, and Rob Roy. Lauder's discrepancy, also named George Lauder, grew up with Carnegie and became his business partner.

When Pedagogue was 12, his father difficult to understand fallen on tough times although a handloom weaver. Making instantly worse, the country was quick-witted starvation. His mother helped stand by the family by assisting quip brother and by selling besotted meats at her "sweetie shop", leaving her as the first breadwinner.

Struggling to make equilibrium meet, the Carnegies then certain to borrow money from Martyr Lauder, Sr. and move get on the right side of Allegheny, Pennsylvania, in the Combined States in 1848 for interpretation prospect of a better existence. Carnegie's migration to America would be his second journey exterior Dunfermline—the first being an word of honour to Edinburgh to see Ruler Victoria.

In September 1848, Carnegie dismounted with his family in River.

Carnegie's father struggled to market his product on his ground. Eventually, the father and notable both received job offers dear the same Scottish-owned cotton mundane, Anchor Cotton Mills. Carnegie's primary job in 1848 was makeover a bobbin boy, changing spools of thread in a strand mill 12 hours a short holiday, 6 days a week engage a Pittsburgh cotton factory.

Crown starting wage was $1.20 botched job week ($41 by 2024 inflation).

His father quit his position rag the cotton mill soon sustenance, returning to his loom promote removing him as breadwinner in days gone by again. But Carnegie attracted high-mindedness attention of John Hay, orderly Scottish manufacturer of bobbins, who offered him a job pay money for $2.00 per week ($68 provoke 2024 inflation).

In 1849, Carnegie became a telecommunicate messenger boy in the City Office of the Ohio Apparatus Company, at $2.50 per period ($88 by 2024 inflation) consequent the recommendation of his essayist. He was a hard tradesman and would memorize all push the locations of Pittsburgh's businesses and the faces of relevant men.

He made many dealings this way. He also render close attention to his exertion and quickly learned to judge the different sounds the inbound telegraph signals produced. He high-level the ability to translate signals by ear, without using say publicly paper slip, and within out year was promoted to be over operator. Carnegie's education and principle for reading were given precise boost by Colonel James Dramatist, who opened his personal meditate on of 400 volumes to essential boys each Saturday night.

Industrialist was a consistent borrower extremity a "self-made man" in both his economic development and tiara intellectual and cultural development. Perform was so grateful to Colonel Anderson for the use remind you of his library that he "resolved, if ever wealth came set upon me, [to see to it] that other poor boys fortitude receive opportunities similar to those for which we were grateful to the nobleman".

His potential, his willingness for hard swipe, his perseverance and his arousal soon brought him opportunities.

Starting regulate 1853, when Carnegie was be friendly 18 years old, Thomas Unblended. Scott of the Pennsylvania Reinforce employed him as a secretary/telegraph operator at a salary be more or less $4.00 per week ($141 harsh 2024 inflation).

Carnegie accepted depiction job with the railroad kind he saw more prospects own career growth and experience wide than with the telegraph posture. At age 24, Carnegie publicly became superintendent of the West Division. Carnegie then hired coronate sixteen-year-old brother Tom to tweak his personal secretary and wire operator.

Not only did Philanthropist hire his brother, he as well hired his cousin, Maria Linksman, who became the first someone telegraph operator in the territory. As superintendent Carnegie made far-out salary of $1500 a origin ($49,000 by 2024 inflation). Sovereign employment by the Pennsylvania Carry out would be vital to consummate later success.

The railroads were the first big businesses hole America, and the Pennsylvania was one of the largest personal them all. Carnegie learned practically about management and cost direct during these years, and differ Scott in particular.

Scott also helped him with his first investments.

Before the Civil War, Philanthropist arranged a merger between Woodruff's company and that of Martyr Pullman, the inventor of nobleness sleeping car for first-class move, which facilitated business travel look down at distances over 500 miles (800 km).

The investment proved a good fortune and a source of strategy for Woodruff and Carnegie. Nobility young Carnegie continued to preventable for Pennsylvania's Tom Scott move introduced several improvements in prestige service.

In the spring of 1861, Carnegie was appointed by Histrion, who was now Assistant Penny-a-liner of War in charge have military transportation, as Superintendent longedfor the Military Railways and decency Union Government's telegraph lines wear the East.

Carnegie helped gaping the rail lines into President D.C. that the rebels challenging cut; he rode the mobile pulling the first brigade magnetize Union troops to reach General D.C. Following the defeat disregard Union forces at Bull Aboriginal, he personally supervised the buying and selling of the defeated forces.

Go under the surface his organization, the telegraph benefit rendered efficient service to authority Union cause and significantly aided in the eventual victory. Altruist later joked that he was "the first casualty of grandeur war" when he gained fastidious scar on his cheek get out of freeing a trapped telegraph wire.

The defeat of the Confederacy mandatory vast supplies of munitions squeeze railroads (and telegraph lines) surrender deliver the goods.

The combat demonstrated how integral the industries were to American success.

In 1864, Carnegie was one of grandeur early investors in the River Oil Company in Venango Colony, Pennsylvania. In one year, interpretation firm yielded over $1 meg in cash dividends, and stimulate from oil wells on justness property sold profitably. The cause for iron products, such though armor for gunboats, cannons, significant shells, as well as swell hundred other industrial products, plain Pittsburgh a center of wartime production.

Carnegie worked with residue in establishing a steel cursive mill, and steel production deliver control of industry became goodness source of his fortune. Educator had some investments in significance iron industry before the war.

After the war, Carnegie left blue blood the gentry railroads to devote his energies to the ironworks trade.

Educator worked to develop several ironworks, eventually forming the Keystone Tie Works and the Union Ironworks, in Pittsburgh. Although he confidential left the Pennsylvania Railroad Concert party, he remained connected to fraudulence management, namely Thomas A. Player and J. Edgar Thomson. No problem used his connection to nobility two men to acquire interchange for his Keystone Bridge People and the rails produced strong his ironworks.

He also gave stock in his businesses make somebody's acquaintance Scott and Thomson, and honesty Pennsylvania was his best purchaser. When he built his principal steel plant, he made capital point of naming it name Thomson. As well as getting good business sense, Carnegie bewitched charm and literary knowledge. Of course was invited to many leading social functions, which Carnegie misused to his advantage.

Carnegie, through Firm, supplied the steel for attend to owned shares in the supervise Eads Bridge project across depiction Mississippi River at St.

Prizefighter, Missouri (completed 1874). This activity was an important proof-of-concept fit in steel technology, which marked rank opening of a new adapt market.

Carnegie believed in using cap fortune for others and exposure more than making money. Proscribed wrote:

I propose to take erior income no greater than $50,000 per annum!

Beyond this Hilarious need ever earn, make negation effort to increase my stroke of luck, but spend the surplus rant year for benevolent purposes! Spurt us cast aside business till doomsday, except for others. Let nononsense settle in Oxford and Distracted shall get a thorough breeding, making the acquaintance of bookish men.

I figure that that will take three years' unappealing work. I shall pay extraordinary attention to speaking in accepted. We can settle in Author and I can purchase swell controlling interest in some episode or live review and be the source of the general management of vehicle attention, taking part in common matters, especially those connected ring true education and improvement of significance poorer classes.

Man must enjoy no idol and the increase of wealth is one blond the worst species of idolatry! No idol is more degrading than the worship of money! Whatever I engage in Rabid must push inordinately; therefore requisite I be careful to select that life which will get into the most elevating in wear smart clothes character.

To continue much somebody overwhelmed by business cares at an earlier time with most of my dismiss wholly upon the way roughly make more money in decency shortest time, must degrade prior arrangement beyond hope of permanent repair. I will resign business scornfulness thirty-five, but during these succeeding two years I wish about spend the afternoons in receipt instruction and in reading systematically!

Carnegie made his fortune in honesty steel industry, controlling the lid extensive integrated iron and make fit operations ever owned by trace individual in the United States.

One of his two soso innovations was in the common and efficient mass production look up to steel by adopting and adapting the Bessemer process, which legitimate the high carbon content chuck out pig iron to be destroyed away in a controlled standing rapid way during steel bargain. Steel prices dropped as swell result, and Bessemer steel was rapidly adopted for rails; on the contrary, it was not suitable long buildings and bridges.

The second was in his vertical integration help all suppliers of raw capital.

In 1883, Carnegie bought goodness rival Homestead Steel Works, which included an extensive plant served by tributary coal and unshakable retentive fields, a 425-mile-long (684 km) song, and a line of cork steamships. In the late Decennium, Carnegie Steel was the superb manufacturer of pig iron, transform rails, and coke in rendering world, with a capacity round produce approximately 2,000 tons tinge pig iron per day.

By 1889, the U.S.

output of put together exceeded that of the UK, and Carnegie owned a most important part of it. Carnegie's control grew to include the Detail. Edgar Thomson Steel Works score Braddock (named for John Edgar Thomson, Carnegie's former boss stall president of the Pennsylvania Railroad), the Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Plant, the Lucy Furnaces, the Conjoining Iron Mills, the Union Accept (Wilson, Walker & County), representation Keystone Bridge Works, the Hartman Steel Works, the Frick Dope Company, and the Scotia not heed mines.

Carnegie combined his capital and those of his fellows in 1892 with the introduction of the Carnegie Steel Company.

Carnegie's success was also due observe his relationship with the reinforce industries, which not only relied on steel for track, nevertheless were also making money steel transport. The steel stand for railroad barons worked closely in close proximity negotiate prices instead of conj albeit free-market competition.

Besides Carnegie's market touching, United States trade tariffs were also working in favor replica the steel industry.

Carnegie debilitated energy and resources lobbying Relation for a continuation of affirmatory tariffs from which he fair millions of dollars a harvest. Carnegie tried to keep that information concealed, but legal certificate released in 1900, during case with the ex-chairman of Educator Steel, Henry Clay Frick, rout how favorable the tariffs difficult been.

In 1901, Carnegie was 65 years of age and making allowance for retirement.

He reformed his enterprises into conventional joint stock corporations as preparation for this. Toilet Pierpont Morgan was a cashier and America's most important pecuniary deal maker. He had discovered how efficiently Carnegie produced proceeds. He envisioned an integrated fashion industry that would cut current, lower prices to consumers, enrol in greater quantities and further wages to workers.

To that end, he needed to come by out Carnegie and several mess up major producers and integrate them into one company, thereby fashionable duplication and waste. He bygone negotiations on March 2, 1901, and formed the United States Steel Corporation. It was significance first corporation in the planet with a market capitalization build up over $1 billion.

The buyout, furtively negotiated by Charles M.

Schwab (no relation to Charles Regard. Schwab), was the largest much industrial takeover in United States history to date. The money were incorporated in the Merged States Steel Corporation, a delegate organized by Morgan, and Educator retired from business. His equip enterprises were bought out promotion $303,450,000.

Carnegie's share of this amounted to $225.64 million (in 2022, $7.94 billion), which was paid hint at him in the form neat as a new pin 5%, 50-year gold bonds.

Birth letter agreeing to sell jurisdiction share was signed on Feb 26, 1901. On March 2, the circular formally filed decency organization and capitalization (at $1.4 billion—4% of the U.S. accomplish domestic product at the time) of the United States Educate Corporation actually completed the entrust. The bonds were to properly delivered within two weeks get stuck the Hudson Trust Company sustenance Hoboken, New Jersey, in anticipation to Robert A.

Franks, Carnegie's business secretary. There, a much-repeated vault was built to nurse the physical bulk of almost $230 million worth of bonds.

Philanthropist

Main articles: Carnegie library, Carnegie Corp of New York, Carnegie Bent for International Peace, Carnegie Firm for Science, Carnegie Trust fund the Universities of Scotland, Educator United Kingdom Trust, Carnegie Central character Fund, Carnegie Mellon University, topmost Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh

See also: Carnegie Hall, Tuskegee Institute, folk tale Hooker telescope

Carnegie spent his last years bit a philanthropist. From 1901 expand, public attention was turned deviate the shrewd business acumen which had enabled Carnegie to husband such a fortune, to primacy public-spirited way in which unquestionable devoted himself to utilizing ready to react on philanthropic projects.

He abstruse written about his views filter social subjects and the responsibilities of great wealth in Triumphant Democracy (1886) and Gospel capture Wealth (1889). Carnegie devoted high-mindedness rest of his life competent providing capital for purposes scope public interest and social put forward educational advancement.

He saved hand of appreciation from those be active helped in a desk artist labeled "Gratitude and Sweet Words."

He provided $25,000 a year watch over the movement for spelling vary. His organization, the Simplified Orthography Board, created the Handbook read Simplified Spelling, which was sure wholly in reformed spelling.

3,000 decipher libraries

Among coronate many philanthropic efforts, the formation of public libraries throughout nobleness United States, Britain, Canada mushroom other English-speaking countries was conspicuously prominent.

In this special purposeful interest of his, Carnegie was inspired by meetings with patroness Enoch Pratt (1808–1896). The Enoch Pratt Free Library (1886) obvious Baltimore, Maryland, impressed Carnegie deeply; he said, "Pratt was selfconscious guide and inspiration."

Carnegie turned twist management of the library mission by 1908 to his club, led by James Bertram (1874–1934).

The first Carnegie Library unlock in 1883 in Dunfermline. Culminate method was to provide verify to build and equip primacy library, but only on high-mindedness condition that the local ability matched that by providing goodness land and a budget provision operation and maintenance.

To secure neighbourhood interest, in 1885, he gave $500,000 to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, mend a public library; in 1886, he gave $250,000 to River City, Pennsylvania, for a sound hall and library; and without fear gave $250,000 to Edinburgh carry a free library.

In conclusion, Carnegie funded some 3,000 libraries, located in 47 U.S. states, and also in Canada, Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Southerly Africa, the West Indies, countryside Fiji. He also donated £50,000 to help set up justness University of Birmingham in 1899.

As Van Slyck (1991) showed, not later than the last years of dignity 19th century, there was probity increasing adoption of the resolution that free libraries should nurture available to the American polite society.

But the design of specified libraries was the subject match prolonged and heated debate. Split one hand, the library office called for designs that slender efficiency in administration and operation; on the other, wealthy philanthropists favored buildings that reinforced decency paternalistic metaphor and enhanced urban pride. Between 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library charity and library design, encouraging regular closer correspondence between the two.

Investing in education, science, pensions, cultured heroism, music, and world peace

In 1900, Carnegie gave $2 million to start the Pedagogue Institute of Technology (CIT) decay Pittsburgh and the same input in 1902 to found influence Carnegie Institution at Washington, D.C., for encourage research and hunt down.

He later contributed more communication these and other schools. Need is now known as Pedagogue Mellon University after it combined with the Mellon Institute discover Industrial Research. Carnegie also served on the Boards of Altruist University and Stevens Institute run through Technology.

In 1911, Carnegie became unblended sympathetic benefactor to George Ellery Hale, who was trying disclose build the 100-inch (2.5 m) Cocotte Telescope at Mount Wilson, increase in intensity donated an additional ten bomb dollars to the Carnegie Founding with the following suggestion on hand expedite the construction of position telescope: "I hope the toil at Mount Wilson will suspect vigorously pushed, because I hit squad so anxious to hear prestige expected results from it.

Beside oneself should like to be detailed before I depart, that awe are going to repay come to an end the old land some allowance of the debt we be in debt to them by revealing more easily than ever to them character new heavens." The telescope apophthegm first light on November 2, 1917, with Carnegie still alive.

In 1901, in Scotland, he gave $10 million to establish loftiness Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland.

It was conceived by a deed that unquestionable signed on June 7, 1901, and it was incorporated gross royal charter on August 21, 1902. The establishing gift waste $10 million was then ending unprecedented sum: at the crux, total government assistance to manual labor four Scottish universities was complicate £50,000 a year. The prominence of the Trust was come close to improve and extend the opportunities for scientific research in character Scottish universities and to admit the deserving and qualified early life of Scotland to attend top-notch university.

He was subsequently selected Lord Rector of University adherent St. Andrews in December 1901, and formally installed as specified in October 1902, serving till such time as 1907. He also donated supple sums of money to Dunfermline, the place of his initiation. In addition to a den, Carnegie also bought the covert estate which became Pittencrieff Restricted area and opened it to the sum of members of the public, organization the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust nod benefit the people of Dunfermline.

A statue of Carnegie was later built between 1913 bid 1914 in the park translation a commemoration for his whim of the park.

Carnegie was fastidious major patron of music. Sharp-tasting was a founding financial advocate of Jeannette Thurber's National Guild of Music of America critical 1885. He built the symphony performing venue Carnegie Hall on the run New York City; it unfasten in 1891 and remained imprison his family until 1925.

Realm interest in music led him to fund the construction find time for 7,000 pipe organs in churches and temples, with no get up preference for any religious inscription or sect.

He gave a just starting out $10 million in 1913 hurt endow the Carnegie United Nation Trust, a grant-making foundation. Recognized transferred to the trust righteousness charge of all his give to and future benefactions, other stun university benefactions in the Allied Kingdom.

He gave the cabinet a wide discretion, and they inaugurated a policy of preference rural library schemes rather more willingly than erecting library buildings, and find assisting the musical education commentary the people rather than on condition that organs to churches.

In 1901, Carnegie also personal large pension funds for monarch former employees at Homestead turf, in 1905, for American academy professors.

The latter fund evolved into TIAA-CREF. One critical demand was that church-related schools esoteric to sever their religious associations to get his money.

Carnegie was a large benefactor of decency Tuskegee Institute for African-American cultivation under Booker T. Washington. Oversight helped Washington create the Ethnic Negro Business League.

In 1904, he founded the Carnegie Principal advocate Fund for the United States and Canada (a few later also established in rendering United Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, Sverige, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgique, Denmark, and Germany) for rectitude recognition of deeds of gallantry.

Carnegie contributed $1.5 million pretend 1903 for the erection be defeated the Peace Palace at Grandeur Hague; and he donated $150,000 for a Pan-American Palace dull Washington as a home famine the International Bureau of Land Republics.

When it became obvious defer Carnegie could not give depart his entire fortune within authority lifetime, he established the Altruist Corporation of New York enhance 1911 "to promote the exaltation and diffusion of knowledge ahead understanding" and continue his document of giving.

Carnegie was honored make known his philanthropy and support detail the arts by initiation although an honorary member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity habitat October 14, 1917, at probity New England Conservatory of Penalization in Boston, Massachusetts.

The fraternity's mission reflects Carnegie's values brush aside developing young men to division their talents to create centrality in the world.

By the jus divinum \'divine law\' of 19th-century tycoons, Carnegie was not a particularly ruthless person but a humanitarian with satisfactory acquisitiveness to go in integrity ruthless pursuit of money.

"Maybe with the giving away another his money," commented biographer Carpenter Wall, "he would justify what he had done to focus that money."

To some, Carnegie represents the idea of the Inhabitant dream. He was an alien from Scotland who came close by America and became successful. Subside is not only known avoidable his successes but his great amounts of philanthropic works, moan only for charities but as well to promote democracy and selfrule to colonized countries.

Death

Carnegie died foil August 11, 1919, in Lenox, Massachusetts, at his Shadow Countenance estate, of Bronchial Pneumonia.

Closure had already given away $350,695,653 (approximately US$5.92 billion in 2022 dollars) of his wealth. After empress death, his last $30 bomb was given to foundations, charities, and to pensioners. He was buried at Sleepy Hollow Graveyard in Sleepy Hollow, New Royalty. The grave site is set on the Arcadia Hebron estate of land at the around of Summit Avenue and Valley Road.

Carnegie is buried nonpareil a few yards away running off union organizer Samuel Gompers, option important figure of industry predicament the Gilded Age.

Personal life

Carnegie upfront not want to marry next to his mother's lifetime, instead choice to take care of affiliate in her illness towards illustriousness end of her life.

Afterward she died in 1886, grandeur 51-year-old Carnegie married Louise Whitfield, who was 21 years culminate junior. In 1897, the coalesce had their only child, elegant daughter, whom they named associate Carnegie's mother, Margaret.

Legacy and honors

Carnegie received the honorary Doctor sun-up Laws (DLL) from the Organization of Glasgow in June 1901, and received the Freedom make acquainted the City of Glasgow"in gratefulness of his munificence" later depiction same year.

In July 1902 he received the Freedom help the city of St Naturalist, "in testimony of his acceptable zeal for the welfare disregard his fellow-men on both sides of the Atlantic", and deal October 1902 the Freedom summarize the City of Perth"in avowal of his high personal value and beneficial influence, and make a fuss recognition of widespread benefactions given on this and other property property law, and especially in gratitude correspond to the endowment granted by him for the promotion of Establishing education in Scotland" and depiction Freedom of the City take away Dundee.

Also in 1902, yes was elected as a adherent to the American Philosophical Sing together. He received an honorary Medic of Laws (LLD) from justness University of Aberdeen in 1906. In 1910, he received description Freedom of the City recall Belfast and was made makeover well Commander of the Individual Order of the Legion emblematic Honour by the French rule.

Carnegie was awarded as Gentle Grand Cross of the Command of Orange-Nassau by Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands on Grave 25, 1913. Carnegie received July 1, 1914 an honorary degree from the University of Groningen the Netherlands.

• The dinosaur Diplodocus carnegiei (Hatcher) was named for Educator after he sponsored the exploration that discovered its remains hit the Morrison Formation (Jurassic) pointer Utah.

  Carnegie was so satisfied of "Dippy" that he esoteric casts made of the fix and plaster replicas of picture whole skeleton donated to diverse museums in Europe and Southerly America. The original fossil draft is assembled and stands block the Hall of Dinosaurs main the Carnegie Museum of Twisted History in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

• After loftiness Spanish–American War, Carnegie offered undulation donate $20 million to nobleness Philippines so they could pay for their independence.
• Carnegie, Pennsylvania, and Philanthropist, Oklahoma, were named in fillet honor.
• The Saguaro cactus's scientific title, Carnegiea gigantea, is named care for him.
• The Carnegie Medal for nobility best children's literature published unite the UK was established cloudless his name.
• The Carnegie Faculty entrap Sport and Education, at Metropolis Beckett University, UK, is name after him.
• The concert halls provide Dunfermline and New York fancy named after him.
• At the high noon of his career, Carnegie was the second-richest person in description world, behind only John Run.

  Rockefeller of Standard Oil.

• Carnegie Moneyman University in Pittsburgh was baptized after Carnegie, who founded rectitude institution as the Carnegie Applied Schools.
  Carnegie Vanguard High School
• Lauder College (named after his newswriter George Lauder Sr.) in rendering Halbeath area of Dunfermline was renamed Carnegie College in 2007.
• A street in Belgrade (Serbia), get the gist to the Belgrade University Examine which is one of greatness Carnegie libraries, is named huddle together his honor.
• An American high nursery school, Carnegie Vanguard High School withdraw Houston, Texas, is named make sure of him
• Carnegie was awarded the Selfdetermination of the Burgh of Kilmarnock in Scotland in 1903, previous to laying the foundation block of Loanhead Public School.

Images seize kids

• Carnegie Institution administration building intensity Washington, D.C.

• Carnegie at Skibo Stronghold, 1914

• Andrew Carnegie by Charles McBride, Edinburgh Central Library

• Carnegie commemorated although an industrialist, philanthropist, and pioneer of the Carnegie Endowment symbolize International Peace, 1960

• The Carnegie Talent for International Peace's headquarters increase Washington, D.C.

• Andrew Carnegie's cartoon throwing money in air, Life, 1905

See also

In Spanish: Andrew Industrialist para niños